At in on

at home in a car on a bus

at work in a taxi on a train

at school in a helicopter on a plane

at university in a boat on a ship

at college in a lift (elevator) on a bicycle, on a motorbike

at the top in the newspaper on a horse, on an elephant

at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television

at the side in a row on the left, on the right

at reception in Oxford Street on the way

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:

atfor a PRECISE TIME

infor MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS

on for DAYS and DATES

Examples:

I have a meeting at 9am.

The shop closes atmidnight.

Jane went home at lunchtime.

In England, it often snows in December.

Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?

There should be a lot of progress in the next century.

Do you work on Mondays?

Her birthday is on20 November.

Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

at night The stars shine at night.

at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.

at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.

at the same time We finished the test at the same time.

at present He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

In on

in the morning on Tuesday morning

in the mornings on Saturday mornings

in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons

in the evening(s) on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

I went to London last June. (not in last June)

He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)

I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)

We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

UNIT 3 Language notes: PAST SIMPLE TENSE, PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

We use the past simple to tell stories about the past. We also use it when the time something happened in the past is known or important:

Last year only 18% of US consumers visited a leading department store.

The question, short answer and negative are made with the past tense of the verb “to do”.

We use the present perfect for a past action which has an effect on the present. What happened and its effect on the present is more important than the time it happened:

We have made a lot of changes since 2003.

This tense is made with the present tense of the verb “have” + past participle.

UNIT 4 Language notes: TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE

We can use different language forms to talk about the future.

1) “going to” to talk about what we intend to do an have already decided to do: We’re going to attend the seminar in France next week. Are you going to book the tickets for the flight?

When we can see that something is likely to happen:

The company is going to get profit from this transaction.

2) “will”or “’ll” to tell something we have decided to do at the time of speaking: The flight’s late. I’ll call the office to cancel the meeting.

When we make predictions: It will outsource shipping services.

3) “The present continuous” to talk about a fixed arrangement: I’m travelling to Germany next week. Are you flying on the same flight as your boss?

4) “The present simple”to talk about a timetable or programme: The train leaves Rome at 2 p.m tomorrow. It doesn’t stop at Milan.

Examples:

We have a lesson next Monday.

The train arrives at 6.30 in the morning.

The holidays start next week.

It is my birthday tomorrow.

I’m playing football tomorrow.

They are coming to see us tomorrow.

We’re having a party at Christmas.

It will be a nice day tomorrow.

I think Brazil will win the World Cup.

I’m sure you will enjoy the film.

To mean want to or be willing to:

I hope you will come to my party.

George says he will help us.

I'll see you tomorrow.

We'll send you an email.

Tim will be at the meeting.

Mary will help with the cooking.

I’m going to drive to work today.

They are going to move to Manchester.

Be careful! You are going to fall.

Look at those black clouds. I think it’s going to rain.

UNIT 5 Language notes: PASSIVES

The passive is often used when the person who does an action is unknown or not as important as what is done or what it is done to:

The Millennium Technology Prize was awarded to Tim Berners-Lee.

To be impersonal or formal (for example, in notices, announcements or reports):

It has been agreed that the prototype will be tested next month.

If the person who does the action is mentioned, we use “by”:

The World Wide Web was invented byTim Berners-Lee.

Tim Berners-Lee was named as one of the top 20 thinkers of the twentieth century by Time magazine.

The goods were packed by Anne.

The passive is formed with the verb “to be” (in all tenses) + the past participle.

UNIT 6 Language notes: MODALS OF ADVICE, OBLIGATON AND NECESSITY

1) Advice

· We can use “should” and “shouldn’t” to give or ask for advice. You should learn a song to sing before going to Korea.

· For strong advice we can use must mustn’t. You mustn’t refuse an invitation to dinner in Italy. It may cause offence.

2) Obligation/Necessity

· We often use “must” when the obligation comes from the person speaking or writing. We must buy a gift for our visitor.

· We use “mustn’t” to say something is prohibited or is not allowed. You mustn’t use a mobile phone in an aeroplane.

· We often use “have to” to show that the obligation comes from another person or institution, not the speaker.

You have to get a visa to enter the country. (This is the law.)

3) Lack of obligation/Lack of necessity

· Don’t have to and mustn’t are very different: don’t have to = it is not necessary.

UNIT 7, UNIT 8 Language notes: DEGREES OF COMPARISON

There are three degrees of comparison in English:

1. Positive degree. 2. Comparative degree. 3. Superlative degree.

· When we speak about only one person or thing we use the Positive degree: This house is big.

· When we compare two persons or two things with each other we use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree:

This plant is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)

This warehouse is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)

This manual is more complicated than that.

· When we compare more than two persons or things with one another we use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees:

This is the biggest plant in this district. (Superlative)

This truck is bigger than any other truck in the company’s truck fleet. (Comparative)

No other pallet in this area is as big as this one. (Positive)

UNIT 9 Language notes: REPORTED QUESTIONS. DEDUCTION: MODALS “MUST HAVE BEEN/CAN’T HAVE BEEN”

If we put a question into Reported speech there are some like changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time. In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement. That's why the word order is: subject – verb. The tense changes in reported questions are the same as those in reported speech

YES/NO QUESTIONS

“Is Anne going?” He asked whether Anne was going.

“Did she meet John?” He wanted to know if (whether) she had met John.\

QUESTION-WORD QUESTIONS

“Where does he live?” She asked where he lived.

“What time is it” She wanted to know what time it was.

We do not use inverted commas or questions marks in reported questions.

Deduction: modals “must have been/can’t have been”

MUST BE expresses a logical deduction

MUST HAVE BEEN expresses logical deduction about past events. It is the past of MUST BE.

CAN’T HAVE BEEN expresses negative logical deduction about past events. It is the past of CAN’T BE.

UNIT 10 Language notes: DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually divided into two types – defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses. Relative clauses are often introduced by a relative pronoun (usually who, which, that, when, where and whose). 'Who', 'whose' and 'that' can be used for people. 'Which' 'whose' and 'that' can be used for things.

Defining Relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. Defining relative clauses are not put in commas. Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions:

A logistician is a professional who works in the field of logistics management is called

UNIT 11 Language notes: PHRASAL VERBS

The term “phrasal verb” is applied to English construction “verb + preposition”. They form a single semantic unit. It cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts in isolation, but rather it must be taken as a whole, i.e the meaning is non-compositional and thus unpredictable. Some phrasal verbs require a direct object (someone/something), while others do not. Some phrasal verbs can be separated by the object, while others cannot.

Who is looking after the kids? – Кто присматривает за малышами?

They picked on Billy – Они подтрунивали над Билли.

I ran into an old friend – Я столкнулся со старым другом.

She takes after her mother – Она похожа на свою мать.

Sam passes for a linguist – Сэм слывет лингвистом.

You should stand by your friend – Тебе следует поддерживать своего друга.

UNIT 12 Language notes: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

When using one verb after another one, often the second verb is in the infinitive form: We are continuing to cut our manufacturing costs. Management agreed to offer generous redundancy terms to all staff affected. These verbs are often followed by the infinitive: intend, mean, want, seem, claim, attempt, try, pretend, fail, guarantee, promise, arrange, hope, wish, plan, offer, forget, expect.

The use of the -ing form (Gerund) depends on the first verb: The decision involves reducing our heavy losses. The verbs below are usually followed by the gerund: admit, give up, enjoy, mean, can’t stand, resent, risk, suggest, look forward to, appreciate, involve, consider, mind, detest, delay, avoid, contemplate, deny, carry on, justify, remember, recommend, miss, put off.

Some verbs can be followed by the gerund or the infinitive form without a big change in meaning: She started loading the software/She started to load the software.

With other verbs the meaning changes: We stopped to check the machinery (We stopped what we were doing in order to check the machinery). We stopped checking the machinery (We stopped our habit of checking the machinery).

• Назад
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 181920
• 21
• 22
• 23
• 24
• 25
• 26
• 27
• Далее