B. Match the words with the corresponding definitions.

         

1. experiment a. higher educational institution where students are

taught a particular subject or skill.

2. report b. a thorough test using scientific methods to discover

how someone or something reach under certain

conditions.

3. test c. a place where people living away from home can

stay and eat fairly cheaply.

4. academy d. an official piece of writing that carefully considers a

particular subject, and is often written by a group of

people.

5. hostel e. a set of questions, exercises or practical activities to

measure someone’s skill, ability or knowledge.

 

C. Find out what is ‘a degree’. Fill in the gaps with one of the words given in the box and read the short text about a degree.

  Bachelors Master Doctor degree final exam research qualification thesis

A Degree

A degree is an academic (1) _______________ awarded at most universities and colleges upon completion of a higher education course (a first (2) ________________) or a piece of (3) _______________ (higher degree). If students pass their (4) _______________ at the end of a three-year course, they get their first degree. Students with first degree become (5) _______________ of Arts or Science (B.A. or B.S.). If they want to go a step further and become (6) _______________ of Arts or Science, they have to write an original paper, or (7) ______________, on some subject based on short period of research, usually soon after graduation. If students wish to teach in a university, they will work for higher degree of a (8)_______________ of Philosophy – a Ph.D. For this they will have to carry out some important research work.

 

D. Read the text. Find synonyms of the underlined words in the text. Look at the box. ***

a degree disciplines go to a grant last obtain succeed in studying for

Studying at University (in England and Wales)

If you want to (1)enter university, you must first (2)pass examinations that most students take at the age of eighteen (called ‘A’ levels). Most students take three ‘A’ levels (three examinations in three different (3)subjects) and they must do well in order to (4)get a place at university because the places are limited. At the moment, approximately 30% of young adults go to university in Britain.

If you get a place at university, the teaching is free, and some students also receive (5)money to pay for living expenses, e.g. food and accommodation as well. Students at university are called undergraduates while they are studying for their first degree.

Most university courses (6)go on for three years, some courses last four years, and one or two courses, e.g. medicine, may be even longer. During this period students can say that they are studying history, or (7)doing a degree in history, for example. When they finish the course and pass their examinations, they receive (8)the qualification when they complete a university course successfully. This can be a BA or a BS.

 

Grammar Focus

Direct and Indirect Speech

A.

ü Direct speechis the exact words someone said. We use quotation marks in Direct speech. Example: He said, ‘I’ll wait for you.’   ü ReportedorIndirect speechis the exact words meaning what someone said but not the exact words. We do not use quotation marks in Reported speech. Example: He said that he would wait for me.   ü Reported Statements Ø To report statements we use a reporting verb (say, tell, advise, promise, explain etc.) followed by a that-clause. In spoken English that may be omitted. Ø Pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the meaning. Example: Direct speech: He said, ‘I can’t fix it myself’. Reported speech:He said he couldn’t fix it himself. Ø Certain words change as follows:
Direct speech Reported speech
this these here can will may must that those there could would might had to

 

Example: ‘This is my book’, he said.

He said that was his book.

Ø When the reporting verb is in the Past the verb tenses change as follows:

 

Direct speech Reported speech
Present Simple ‘I can’t remember his name’, she said. Present Continuous ‘She’s speaking to Joe’, he said. Present Perfect ‘I’ve bought you some flowers’, she said. Past Simple ‘He lost all the money’, she said. Future ‘I’ll see you later’, he said.   Past Simple She said she couldn’t remember his name. Past Continuous He said she was speaking to Joe. Past Perfect She said she had bought me some flowers. Past Perfect She said that he had lost all the money. Conditional He said he would see me later.  

 

Ø Time expressions change as follows:

 

Direct speech Reported speech
tonight, today this week/month/year now   now that yesterday last night/week/month/year   tomorrow next week/month/year two days/months/years etc. ago   ‘He arrived last week’, she said.   that night, that day that week/month/year then, at the time, at once immediately since the day before the previous night/week/month/year the day after, the following day the following week/month/year two days/months/years etc. before   She said that he had arrived the previous week.

 

Ø There are no changes in the verb tenses when the reporting verb is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect tense or when the sentence expresses something which is always true.

Example: