Morphological characteristics. The only pattern of morphological change for adverbs is the same as for adjectives, the degrees of comparison

The only pattern of morphological change for adverbs is the same as for adjectives, the degrees of comparison. The three grades are calledpositive, comparative, andsuperlative degrees.

Adverbs that are identical in form with adjectives take inflections following the same spelling and phonetic rules as for adjectives:

Several adverbs ending in-ly (e.g. quickly, loudly) form comparatives according to the same pattern, dropping their adverb-forming suffix. These adverbs acquired the form in-ly only recently and retained the older forms of the comparative and superlative:

However most disyllabic adverbs in-ly and all polysyllabic ones form the comparative and superlative analytically, by means ofmore andmost:

The adverb often occurs with both types of comparison:

As with adjectives, there is a small group of adverbs with comparatives and superlatives formed from different stems(suppletive forms). These comparatives and superlatives are identical with those for the corresponding adjectives and can be differentiated from the latter only syntactically.

(E.g. Which do you likebest? This isleast painful for you).

Either farther (farthest) or further (furthest) are used when speaking of places, directions, or distance:

(E.g. He is too tired to walk any farther (further).

But only further (furthest) is used with the meaning more, later:

(E.g. Don’t try my patience any further).

Most of the adverbs, however, stand outside the degrees of comparison:

pronominal adverbs denoting place and time

(here, somewhere, there, sometimes, when), denoting manner (somehow, thus), and

adverbs of manner denoting gradation (minimally, optimally, proximally - ближе к центру).

Some adverbs have two forms, one without –ly and one with –ly. These forms have different meanings and uses: hard\hardly, last\lastly, late\lately, near\nearly, high\highly.

We use intensifiers to strengthen adverbs: much\far

Гораздо - much (E.g. She works much harder than you.)

Намного, значительно - far (E.g. It happens far more often).

Semantic characteristics

According to their meaning adverbs fall into many groups. Here are the main ones:

Adverbs of place and direction: outside, there, in front, here, where, somewhere, nowhere, faraway, near, inside, outside, far from, too far, so far, a long way etc.

Adverbs of time include those denoting duration (long, continually), interval (all day), timing (yesterday, today, recently, lately, immediately, once, at once, now), frequency (often, now and then, occasionally). Several of them denote an indefinite time - soon, yet, always, already, never, ever. Note: Russian “Еще” is translated into following ways: Still (все еще, по-прежнему.(E.g. She is still sleeping); yet (пока еще, пока что (E.g. He is too young yet to get married); yet (еще не... He has not come yet); else (in questions. (E.g. Who else do you know?); more (дополнительно. (E.g. Give me some more water); other (другой) (E.g. What other books did you buy?); only (еще только)(E.g. It’s only 10 o’clock; as early as (так давно так) It was known as early as 1935.) long, for a long time (в течение долгого времени) (E.g. have you been here long?; long ago, a long time ago (много времени тому назад) (E.g. It happened long ago).; not…long (с недавнего времени) (E.g. I haven’t been sitting here long); not long ago (недалеком прошлом) (E.g. This book came out not long ago); lately, recently (в последнее время) (E.g. Have you heard from him recently (lately)?)

Adverbs of manner: well, carefully, intentionally, silently, clearly, etc. We do not use adverbs after link verbs such as “to be, “become”, “feel”, “get”, “look”, and “seem”. We use adjectives after such verbs (E.g. She felt happy. Kate seemed amused. He is not sure). Fixed phrases: deeply hurt, painfully embarrassed, highly respected, bitterly cold, greatly appreciative, badly needed.(E.g. Ann was deeply hurt by his words).

Adverbs of degree, measure and quantity: thoroughly, very, much, completely, quite, rather, a lot, a little, a great deal, badly, greatly, hardly, barely, scarcely, narrowly, just, almost, mostly, enormously, largely, tremendously, keenly, somewhat, too, so, most, all but.

Adverbs of frequency:always, generally, usually, normally, frequently, often, seldom, rarely, sometimes.

Viewpoint adverbs: obviously, evidently, probably, possibly, indeed, certainly, perhaps, may be, apparently, decisively, undoubtedly, practically, naturally, fortunately, unfortunately, etc.

Among these some are synonymous (much, very), but their combinability is different. Thus much is used to modify verbs, nouns, statives and adjectives, and very is used with adjectives and adverbs in the positive and superlative degrees, whereas with comparatives only much is used:

With participles, however, both much and very may be used, often they go together:

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