Define what part of speech is the ing-form. Translate the sentences.
1) Compounds consisting of many elements.
2) Here is a table showing the difference between metals and non-metals.
3) Material consisting of a simple metal and some other element.
4) Iron is obtained by reducing its ores with carbon.
5) According to their density metals are divided into light and heavy ones.
6) Metals having a density less than 4 are called light metals.
7) We divide metals into 2 groups according to their chemical composition.
5. Read the text «Production of Metals».
Text D
PRODUCTION OF METALS
Different metals are produced in different ways, but almost all the metals are found in the form of metal ores (iron ore, copper ore etc). The ore is a mineral consisting of a metal combined with some impurities. In order to produce a metal from some metal ore, we must separate these impurities from the metal. This is done by metallurgy the science – which treats of the methods used to obtain the metals in the free condition from the compounds that occur in nature, i.e. (that is) from the ores. Most commercial metals are produced from their ores by melting process in which any impurities are separated and removed as slag.
Iron is obtained by reducing its ores with carbon. Cast iron and steel are produced in different types of furnaces at metallurgical plants. Cast irons are usually produced in blast furnaces or cupolas. Steels are usually produced in Bessemer converters or open-hearth furnaces. Henry Bessеmer, English inventor and engineer, was born at Charlton on January 19, 1813. He discovered the first process of making inexpensive and plentiful (в больших количествах) steel. The so-called Bessemer process of steelmaking was a great event in the world's economic history. Previously (до этого, прежде) steel had been expensive, made chiefly by the crucible process (в тиглях).
Steel and other metals may also be produced in electrical furnaces. Electrical furnaces are only used in making high-grade tool steel.
The metals from lithium down to manganese are obtained by electrolysis of melted compounds that conduct an electric current.
If we take all the metal produced by the world's metallurgical industry during one year for 100 per cent, we shall see that the production of ferrous metals is about 94 %, the production of copper is about 2 %, zinc about 1.52 %, aluminium 0.6 %, etc. (в английских и американских текстах печатаются: 1.52, which is read «one point five two», 0.6 – is read «zero point six»).
Read the text again and answer the questions without looking into the text.
1) How are metals found in nature?
2) What is an ore?
3) How are metals produced from metal ores?
4) What science is metallurgy?
5) How is iron produced?
6) In what furnaces is cast iron produced?
7) In what furnaces is steel produced?
8) What can you say about the Bessemer process?
9) What kind of steel is produced in electrical furnaces?
10) What metals are produced by electrolysis?
11) Tell some words about the world's metallurgical industry.
Independent tasks
Write down all new words and phrases in your notebooks. Learn these words and phrases for the next lesson.
8. Find in Text D a sentence with «in order to», translate it.
Write down the sentences with ing-forms from Text D. Analyze what part of speech it is and translate the sentences.
Write down and translate several word phrases from Text D.
Read additional texts about metals and retell them in Russian.
Текст А
Diodorus (Диодор) tells us of iron-making in Roman times. He says there was on a certain island (остров) an ore that contained iron. This ore was melted in batches (шихта) to make metal. The workers first cut up a great mass of the ore. Then they put it into the furnace. When the heat had melted it they broke up what was left into blocks (слитки). Then they sold these blocks to the merchants (торговец) who traveled from village to village. And the merchants sold the ore again to blacksmiths (кузнец). The blacksmiths made it into all sorts of figures, birds, beasts (зверь) and, also, into tools (инструмент).
Текст В
Tin is used to make on alloy called bronze. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. The discovery (открытие) of Bronze was a very important event in history and the whole period was called the Вrоnze Age. Copper and tin are soft metals, and sо could not be widely used in pure state. But an alloy of copper and tin is a hard metal. Bronze consists of one part tin and nine parts copper. Bronze replaced (заменять) copper so quickly, that we do not speak of a copper age at all, as we do of the ages of Stone, Bronze and Iron tools.
Текст С
Aristotle (Аристотель) called mercury «liquid silver». Though (хотя) mercury had been known all through ancient history, no one in fact knew what it really was until the days of alchemists of Middle Ages. It was one of these alchemists – Albert le Grand (french) – who discovered pure, free mercury. In the Middle Age people thought there was something magic about mercury, so they were a little afraid of it. It is not difficult to see why they were afraid of it. Mercury is a curious (необычный) metal, almost like a thing alive. Its common name is quicksilver. We use mercury today in medicine, mirrors, colours, thermometers.
LESSON 5