V. Choose the correct verb form
- The infection …(has, has to) spread over a large area. 2. The infection …(has hasto) be eliminated as quickly as possible. 3. The epidemiologist …(had, had to) the possibility to visit the area of infection. 4. The epidemiologist …(had, had to) visit the area of infection to study it at the spot. 5. The pathologic agent …(will have, will have to) be isolated by the end of the week. 6. The pathologic agent …(will have, will have to) been isolated by the end of the week.
VI. Fill in the gaps with English equivalents to «может», «должен»
At about 2 o’clock on a cold winter morning a man telephoned a doctor and asked him if he … come at once. “You … hurry”, he added. The doctor drove seven miles in answer to this call. When he reached the place the man who had called him said, “Doc, I overtired myself. I have not got any pain, but I have a terrible feeling that I … die soon. The doctor examined the patient, felt his pulse and took his temperature. “Have you made your will(завещание)?” he asked. “Why, no, Doctor”, the man looked frightened. “You … have done it long ago”, said the doctor. “Have you got a family?” “Yes”, said the patient. “You … send for them immediately, and your parents … be called, too.” “I say, Doc, do you think I am going to die?” “No, I don’t”, responded the doctor, “but I don’t want to be the only man you have made a fool of on the night like this”.
VII. Complete the sentences:
1. The room must be constantly .:. .2. The disease ... rapidly. 3. The onset is .... 4. In a mild case ... is the rule. 5. Death may ... .6. ... nursing is very important 7. The disease may have numerous and ... complications.
VIII. Read the following texts and say what new information they contain as compared with the previous text:
a) The onset of influenza is acute, without marked prodromal
symptoms, with a rapid rise in temperature and general symptoms.
Intense headaches, mainly in the region of the forehead, eyes and
temples are characteristic. Children are irritable, sometimes apathetic;
they have sleep and appetite disturbances. Vomiting and nosebleed
are frequent. In some cases the upper respiratory tract is affected
and catarrh of the mucous membranes begins.
b) Seasonal upper respiratory catarrh is one of the most
widespread children's diseases, which occurs everywhere and affects
children of all ages, particularly frequently very young ones. The
cases increase during the cold time of the year possibly because
children stay less outdoors and therefore do not get enough fresh
air, but get greater contact with patients and carriers of bacilli.
IX. Retell this text in English
Грипп – самая распространённая заразная болезнь, отличающаяся разнообразием проявлений и многочисленными осложнениями. Грипп передаётся от больного к здоровому и поражает и взрослых и детей в любое время года. Инкубационный период ериппа очень короткий, от нескольких часов до двух суток. Эпидемии гриппа повторяются довольно часто ( (через два-три года), но периодически они принимают огромные размеры и охватывают всё население земного шара (так называемые пандемии). В 20 веке были две такие пандемии: в 1918-19 гг. пандемия пандемия гриппа (так называемая «испанка») охватила все страны света, в результате погибло 20 млн человек. Вторая пандемия имела место в 1957 г., тогда количество заболевших во всём мире было также очень велико, но число смертных случаев было сравнительно небольшим.
Возбудителем гриппа являются вирусы. Известно несколько видов гриппозных вирусов. Вирус гриппа, находящий ся на слизистых оболочках носа, рта и глотки больного, при чихании, кашле и разговоре попадает в воздух вместе с капельками слюны или носовой слизи, т.е. заражение происходит воздушно-капельным путём. В крови людей, перенёсших грипп, вырабатываются особые вещества ( так называемые защитные тела), которые в течение некоторого срока (1 – 2 года) обуславливают иммунитет организма к новому заболеванию данным типом вируса.
X. 1. Speak aboutthe cause of influenza and its symptoms.
2.Speak about treatment of influenza and its complications.
3.Tell your group-mates how you were ill with influenza.
a)When was it? Did you have to call a doctor? What did he recommend or administer?
b)Have any of your relatives had influenza? What did they complain of? How did they try to improve their condition?
c)Speak of preventing influenza. What precautions should you take during an epidemic?
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is a specific acute disease which involves an entire lung or a part of a lung. Sometimes both lungs are involved. It
may occur at any time of year, but it is frequent in the months from December until May. The chief predisposing factors are. weather, draughts, loss of sleep and contact with patients who have infections. Various viruses and staphylococci may cause it.
The main symptoms are chill, fever, general weakness, sweating and persistent dry cough which can’t be relieved by common measures. The child usually has poor appetite, disturbed sleep. Sometimes children have local chest pains or stomachache. Young infants suffer from shortness of breath.In severe cases patients may have expectoration of bloody sputum. The disease sets in abruptly. There may be a preceding upper respiratory infection with a cough. If the disease remains uncomplicated if lasts from 7 to 14 days.
The treatment consists chiefly of bed rest. The most important agents are fresh air, good nursing and nutritious food that the child likes.The disease responds very well to specific medication with appropriate antibiotics (penicillin) Before the era of antibiotics sulfanilamides were used.. Mustard plasters are always administered, sometimes cups as well.. Diathermy of the lungs gives very good results. The child should be given vitamins C, A and others from the very first day of the disease.
A variety of complications may occur. Sometimes empyema develops after the seventh day of the disease. Otitis media and mastoiditis are usually found in children. Other complications are pericarditis, endocarditis and meningitis,.
An important factor in the prophylaxis of pneumonia is fighting such infectious diseases as influenza, measles and whooping cough, all of which are often complicated by pneumonia.
Words to be memorized
Nouns: fever, lung, chest, stomachache, weakness, sweating, expectoration. Verbs: to involve, to set in, to complicate, to last, to consist, to administer, to remain.
Adjectives: entire, frequent, chief=main, bloody, nutritious, common.
Other words: abruptly, chiefly.
Read correctly
Pneumonia [nju'mounja]; upper respiratory [‘respireteri] infection; empyema [empai'i:ma]; otitis media [o'taitis 'mi:dia]; mastoiditis [mastdi'daitis]; sputum ['spju:tum]; whooping cough ['hupin. 'kof].
Exercises
I. Answer the following questions:
I. What kind of disease is pneumonia? 2. In what seasons does it occur? 3. What are the chief predisposing factors to this disease? 4. What are the main symptoms of pneumonia? 5. How long does it last? 6. Are there any complications after pneumonia? 7. What is the commonest complication? 8. What does the treatment of pneumonia consist of? 9. What medicine
is prescribed for pneumonia? 10. What procedures are administered for severe cases of pneumonia? 11. When are vitamins given to the pneumonia patient? 12. What diseases are complicated by pneumonia?
II. Ask your friend yes/no questions:
The position of the sick child must be changed frequently; the room should be aired frequently; the sick child should be provided with good nutrition and care; the sick child must be allowed to lie on his back for long; the sick child should be kept in bed; the sick child may be kept outdoors.
III. Read the text and say what new information it contains as
compared with the previous text:
Pneumonia almost always sets in abruptly with a high fever. Children often complain of stomachaches and pain in the chest. Sometimes children expectorate bloody sputum. The cough is at first very mild, in some cases it is absent altogether. Respiration is accelerated. The disease lasts 7-14 days. In older children complications are rare, and prognosis is very good. Proper treatment and nutrition lead to complete recovery.
IV. Translate into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the underlined words:
1. Pneumonia involves an entire lung or a part of a lung. 2. The disease responds very well to specific medication with penicillin. 3. The doctor applied mustard plasters on the patient's breast and cups on his back. 4. Children are given vitamins from the very first day of the disease. 5. A variety of complications may occur. 6. If you sit near the window, you will get a cold. There is a draught there.
V. Match the underlined words with their Russian equivalents and translate the sentences:
1. This food is very nutritious, а) частый, часто
встречающийся
2. The disease sets in abruptly b)корь
3. During this season the disease is very с) резко, внезапно
frequent d)питательный
4. Pneumonia may complicate е) коклюш
whooping cough.
5.Measles may also be complicated by pneumonia..
VI. Speak about: a)symptoms and course of pneumonia; b) com
plications of pneumonia; c) treatment of pneumonia; d) care for a pneumonia patient.
WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS)'
Whooping cough is a common acute infection of childhood, highly contagious. It is caused by the Bordutellia Pertussis. The illness is characterized by a catarrhal period of nonspecific respiratory symptoms progressing to the stage of paroxysmal cough, accompanied by the typical inspiratory whoop and vomiting. It may be complicated by potentially serious involvement of the respiratory tract and the central nervous system.
Epidemiologic Factors.The disease may strike at any time of the year. Although no age is exempt from pertussis, most people have the disease in early life. Transmission is likely to occur by direct contact with an infected person (coughing, sneezing, talking). The disease is communicable from its very first days to four weeks afrer onset of typical paroxysms.
Clinical Manifestaions.The incubation period is about 7 days, seldom shorter — from 2 to 4 days, or longer — up to 21 days.
The clinical course of whooping cough is divided into 3 stages — catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescent. The. catarrhal stage lasts for about 1 or 2 weeks. It begins with the symptoms of an upper respiratory infection or common cold. The child may appear listless and irritable. Sometimes the only manifestation is a dry hacking cough. After about a week the cough, instead of improving, gradually becomes more severe and it begins to occur in paroxysms. The paroxysmal stage lasts, as a rule, 4 to 6 weeks. The cough now comes in explosive bursts. A series of 5 to 10 short, rapid coughs are given on one expiration, followed by a. sudden inspiration, associated with a characteristic sound or whoop. During the attack the child's face becomes red or cyanotic, the eyes bulge, the tongue protrudes. Vomiting frequently follows the attack. In severe cases young unimmunized infants may stop breathing during an attack (apnea).The attacks occur more frequently at night and in a stuffy room than in one well aired or out of doors.
The convalescent stage is marked by cessation of whooping and vomiting. Little by little the number and severity of paroxysms decrease.
Diagnosis.The clinical diagnosis is made by the paroxysmal nature of the cough, the red or cyanotic appearance of the child during an attack and the associated vomiting. During the catarrhal stage it is usually impossible to differentiate pertussis on clinical grounds from the common cold, bronchitis or acute respiratory disease.At this time Bordutellia pertussis can be isolated from the nasopharynx. The white blood test may also help the diagnosis. High white blood counts with a predominance of lymphocytes are characteristic of whooping cough.
Treatment. There is no specific drug to stop the attacks. Modern cough suppressing remedies may be administered in severe cases.
Whooping cough can be effectively treated with antibiotics.. The sooner one of these antibiotics is used, the better the results. The course of antibiotics treatment averages 8—12 days. Rest in bed is indicated as long as fever is present. The room should be well aired. It is important to maintain proper nutrition. The diet must be adequate, rich in vitamins, especially vitamin С The patient should be separated from other people.
Complications.The commonest and usually the most severe complication is pneumonia. Stop of breathing during an attack is very dangerous in young children. Otitis media, atelectasis may often occur.
Immunity.As a rule, one attack of whooping cough is followed by life-long immunity. Second attacks of pertussis are rare.
Prophylaxis.-Children should be immunized at the age of 5-6 months with a pertussis - diphtheria vaccine.
Words to be memorized
Whoop; whooping cough; listless; hacking cough; stuffy
Read and translate the words with the same root:
Immune, immunity; complication, complicate, complicated, uncomplicated; danger, dangerous; severe severity; especially, special; important, importance; separate, separately, separation; suppressing, suppression, pressure; predominence, dominant.
Exercises
I. Answer the following questions:
I.What kind of disease is whooping cough? 2. What is it caused by? 3. What is the illness characterized by? 4. What age may be affected? 5. How is the disease transmitted? 6. What period of whooping cough is communicable? 7. How long does the incubation period last? 8. What stages is the clinical course divided into? 9. What are the symptoms of the catarrhal stage? 10. How long does the paroxysmal stage last? 11. What are the manifestations of the paroxysmal stage? 12. What does the treatment of whooping cough consist of? 13. What complications may follow the disease? 14. Is whooping cough followed by lasting immunity?