Критика действия (особенно в прошлом)
The modal verb can and its equivalent
- основное значение – физическая, ментальная способность к совершению действия
I can fly. Can you fly? I can't fly.
Мог: could
Смог: was able to / managed to
Не мог / не смог: couldn't
I could read when I was 4. (пост.)
I was able to read the notice, though it was dark. (по обстоят.)
I''ve been able to swim since I was 6.
He said that he has never been able to understand her.
I'm sure I''ll be able to pass the exam.
- вежливый вопрос (сослагательное наклонение)
Could you help me, please?
- значение условия
I could have helped you yesterday but you didn't ask me to.
- значение сомнения
Can he still be working on this book?
Can he have finished it?
Could может использоваться вместо can, чтобы усилить сомнение.
He can't / couldn't still be sleeping.
He can't / couldn't have returned.
Чтобы еще усилить сомнение, can / could используется в отрицательной форме.
+
Формы инфинитива
Indefinite infinitive - to do
Continuous - to be doing
Perfect Active - to have done
Perfect Continuous - to have been doing
Indefinite Passive - to be done
Perfect Passive - to have been done
Could + Simple Infinitive = могли бы, почему бы не...
Could + Perfect Infinitive = могли бы, но не сделали
She didn't understand this rule.
It can't be that she didn't understand this rule.
Can it be that she didn't understand this rule? - неужели она не поняла?
She can't have misunderstood this rule?
Can she have misunderstood this rule?
She can't have failed to misunderstand this rule.
Can she have failed to understand this rule?
Could is also possible - для выражения большего сомнения
2. Must and its equivalents
1. Долженствование
You must be careful when using medicine.
You mustn't cross the road here. You'll be run over.
Must not - категорический запрет
Need not - отсутствие необходимости
- Must I go to the shop now?
- No, you needn't. There's plenty of food at home.
You needn't have worried so much. I could have coped with it myself.
Have to - вынужденное действие
There was no bus and I had to hail a taxi.
Did you have to hail a taxi?
I didn't have to hail a taxi.
The boy had to be punished.
Did the boy have to be punished?
The boy didn't have to be punished.
Be to- наличие предварительной договоренности или плана
I was to take a taxi and wait for him near the office.
He was to have spoken at the meeting but he had felt ill. (договоренность существовала, но действие не было выполнено)
- осознанная необходимость
If wouldn't master English, I'm to read a lot in the original.
- суждено / не суждено
They were going to get married, but this was not to happen.
Предположение, основывается на уверенности
You must be kidding.
He must have returned.
Evidently / obviously / probably / apparently he wasn't at home (употребляется вместо отрицательного инфинитива)
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Want
You want to repeat – Вам нужно повторить
3. May and its equivalents
May / might
Разрешение
В формальном отношении: May I call you tonight? He said he might call him any time.
Эквиваленты: to be allowed / to be permitted
I'm not sure you'll be allowed to use the office safe.
Предположение, основываются на неуверенности и сомнении
He may / might be waiting for you in the corridor. (настоящее время)
He may / might come tomorrow (будущее время)
He may / might have immigrated to Canada. (прошедшее время)
3. Значение упрека (только might + прост. / префект. инф.)
You might visit me more often. - будущее время
You might have lent me some money yesterday. - прошедшее время
Might - только усиливает сомнение
Нет четко определенной семантики
I may be a little old-fashioned, but I still know a couple of things about this life.
I may have come late, but at least I did my home assignment.
Try as I may, try as I might (пр.вр.) - как бы я ни старалась
4. Should and had better
Should
Совет
You should eat healthier food.
Критика действия (особенно в прошлом)
You souldn`t have talked to her in such tone.
You shouldn`t spend your money on knick-knacks.
Эмоциональность
Why should I believe you! – C какой стати я должна тебе верить?
Why should I helped him? – С какой стати я должна была ему помочь?
Какое совпадение
What a coincidence that we should be travelling in the same compartment.
5. It is necessary, vital, important that + should
It is desirable that you should be present at this test.
Как бы что не случилось
We spoke in a whisper so that the baby shouldn`t wake up.
7. Lest – как бы не
I chose my words very carefully lest he should take offence.
Had better do smth – тебе бы лучше
You`d better stay at home
Had you better stay at home
5. Will, would, and used to
Оттенок привычки
| Would | Used to |
| Противопоставление настоящему отсутствует: He would come to me every evening. (захаживал, нет явного противопоставления) | Прошлое противопост. настоящему: He used to smoke = He doesn`t smoke now. He didn`t use to go in for sport = He goes in for sport now. |
| Не употребляется с глаголами состояния: He would travel to Norway every New Year | Употреб. со всеми глаголами (сост. и действ): This house used to belong to us. |
| Не использ. с вспомогательными гл. НО: в отриц. появляется значение упорного противодействия(told him but he wouldn`t listen) | Употреб с вспомогат. гл. did (только past simp): I didn`t use to believe him |
6. Conditional sentences
Conditional type 1
- реальное условие, действие относится к будущему
- в придаточном предложении – Present Simp
- в главном предложении – Future Simp
- союзы if или unless
If don`t master grammar, you will never succeed as an interpreter.
Unless you are careful, you will get into an accident.
Conditional type 2
- нереальное условие, действие относится к настоящему
- в придаточном предложении – Past Simp
- в главном предложении – Would + Inf
If I had more money I would travel a lot.
Инверсия с should:
Should I have more money I would travel a lot.
Conditional type 3
- нереальное условие, действие в прошлом
- в придаточном – Past Perf
- в главном – would + perf inf
If I had known that you needed my help, I would definitely have come.
Инверсия – had на первое место
Had I known what an idiot he was, I would never have married him.
4. Mixed type 2+3
If I were you I would have gone there yesterday.
If I hadn`t quarreled with my boss then, I would still be working at this office.
7. I wish / If only
- Выражает сожаление
Употребляется:
1. I wish/if only + past simp (действие относится к настоящему)
I wish it were summer now. – Жаль, что сейчас не лето (антонимический перевод)
2. I wish/if only + past perfect (действие относится к прошлому)
I wish I hadn`t told him about it – Жаль, что я не сказала ему об этом.
3. I wish + would + inf. – пожелание на будущее
I wish you would come to us more often in future.
If only – ах, если бы
8. I'd rather...
Would rather + Inf / Sub. Clause