Will / be going to for prediction

Use:

• Use the future perfect continuous to talk about an event that will be in progress for some time before a specified time in the future.

Janet will be really tired when we get home. She will have been looking after the children all day!

• It can be used to make predictions about event that will be in progress before a specified time in the future.

Joe won’t mind that we are late. He won’t have been waiting long.

• It can be used to predict what was happening in the past.

“What do you think the men were doing in the store room?”
“Don’t worry. They will have been unpacking boxes.”

• Both the fixed future time and the length of time of are often mentioned in future perfect continuous sentences.

By the end of this week, I’ll have been working here for five months.
Fixed future time: the end of this week
Length of time: five months

But this is not always the case.
Anne will be in a bad mood at the party this evening because she’ll have been doing housework.

Form:
Positive and Negative

Questions

Question Tags

Use:
Use question tags in two situations.
1) You are not sure if something is true, so you want to check. In this case, your voice should rise when you say the question tag.
↗
You’re not going now, are you?

2) You know something is true. You want to include/involve another person in the conversation. In this case, your voice should fall when you say the tag. It does not sound like a question.
↘
He doesn’t live here now, does he?

Form:
Question tags are either:
1) positive statements with short, negative questions at the end.
These tags check something that you believe is true.
It’s Monday today, isn’t it?

2) negative statements with short, positive questions at the end.
These tags check something that you believe is false.
It’s not raining, is it?

Make question tags this way:

1) If there is an auxiliary verbor amodal verb, write it in the opposite form (positive or negative) at the end of the sentence. Then write the subject pronoun of the sentence.
Ian’s nice, isn’t he?
Laura hasn’t arrived yet, has he?
I can’t do anything to help, can I?
We won’t be late, will we?

Caution:
CAUTION: Use aren’t with I’m in questions tags.
I’m a bit careless, aren’t I? NOT I’m a bit careless, am not I?

2) In present and past simple sentences, use do, does or did in the question tag.
Brian and Cathy don’t eat meat, do they?
You dad lives abroad, doesn’t he?
Your friends enjoyed themselves, didn’t they?

3) Use a positive question tag after never.
Miles never goes out, does he?

Second Conditional

Use:
The second conditional structure is used to talk about imaginary situations and the consequences.
Example: If I had a car, I could visit my friend.
(But the truth is, I do not have a car, and I cannot visit my friend).

The second conditional structure is also used to talk about imaginary abilities and the consequences.
Example: If I could fly, I wouldn’t need a car.
(But the truth is, I cannot fly, and so I need a car.)

Form:
1) Make the second conditional in this way.

Example: If we had more money, we would buy that house.

Or

Example: She’d be more successful if she worked harder.

2) The verb to be can use were for all subjects. This is particularly true in the sentence: If I were you…
If I were you, I’d buy a bicycle.

However, this rule is often overlooked.
If he were more careful, he wouldn’t break everything. =>
If he was more careful, he wouldn’t break everything.

3) To talk about imaginary abilities, use could.

Example: If I could help you, I would!

4) Notice that the infinitive verb after the modal verbs is not necessary if the meaning is clear. Don’t contract modal verbs when there is no infinitive verb present.

If I could pay, I’d. => If I could pay, I would.

Common errors:
1) Many students write wouldafterIf
If I would have a lot of money, I would buy that car!
=> If I had a lot of money, I would buy that car!

2) Many students forget to use could to talk about abilities.
If I played the drums, I’d join a band.
=> If I could play the drums, I’d join a band.

Third Conditional

Use:
Use the third conditional to talk about past events. Use it to describe what could have happened (event ‘b’) as a result of something else (event ‘a’). However, neither event a nor event b happened. Therefore the third conditional describes hypothetical, imaginary situations.

If I had been at home yesterday, I’d have got your phone call.
(But, I was not at home, and I didn’t receive your call.)

The third conditional is often used to criticise:
If you had worked harder, you wouldn’t have failed the test.
(But you didn’t work hard and you failed the test).
Or it can be used to express regret:
If I hadn’t spent all my money, I could’ve bought a computer.
(But I spend all my money and I couldn’t buy a computer).
Or it can be used to express relief:
If I we’d taken that route, we’d have been stuck in the traffic jam for hours!
(But we didn’t take that route, and we didn’t get stuck)

Form:
a) Make the third conditional structure this way:

If you’d told me that Anna had put on weight, I wouldn’t have congratulated her on becoming pregnant.

Or:

Jim wouldn’t have made those mistakes if you had trained him properly.

b) You can also use may have / may not have, might have / might not have or could have / couldn’t have to describe less certain possibilities rather than certain consequences.
You might have had an accident if you’d driven home in the snow last night.

c) Sometimes the if clause is implied but not spoken.
‘I’d have helped.’
means ‘I’d have helped if you’d asked me.’
‘I wouldn’t have said that.’
means ‘I wouldn’t have said that if I’d been there.’

Common Mistakes
Some students write would after if. Would does not go in the If clause, it goes in the other clause.
If I would have seen Sally, I’d have told her the news. → If I had seen Sally, I’d have told her the news.

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