The adverbial modifier of purpose. мета

Ham sometimes walked with us to show us the boats and ships.(Dickens)

They opened the way for her to come to him.(Douglas)

They cleared swamp growth for planting.(Eliot)

 

53. Ways of expressing the adverbial modifiers.

 

It can be expressed by:

1.An adverb. Прислівник (як? де? звідки? наскільки? якою мірою?)

Rachel turned instinctivelyto prevent a possible intruder from entering. (Bennett)

 

2.A noun with or without accompanying words. іменник

Next daythe morning hours seemed to pass very slowly at Mr. Pellet's. (E. Bronte)

They walked mileswithout finding any habitation.

 

3.A prepositional phrase. Прийменникова фраза. (виражає відношення між словами)

The red dust spread up and out and over everything.(Wells)

I walked straight up the lane.(Bennett)

 

4.A noun, pronoun, adjective, infinitive, participle, or prepositional phrase with a subordinating conjunction.

іменник, займенник, прикметник, інфінітив, дієприкметник, або прийменникова фраза з підпорядкованим сполучником.

 

Mary swims better than her sister.My sister plays tennis better than I.

Ifnecessary, she must see Mr. Bridgenorth. (Gaskell)

He shrank back, his arms lifted as though to ward offphysical violence. (London)

While waiting for the water to boil,he held his face over the stove. (London)

Sometimes he (Martin), when with her,noted an unusual brightness in her eyes. (London)

5.A participle or a participial phrase.

Having decided to accept his sister's counselMarcellus was anxious to perform his unpleasant duty. (Douglas)

Turning away,she caught sight of the extra special edition of The Signal. (London)

When questioned,she explained everything very carefully.

 

6.Absolute constructions.

 

(a)The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

He had wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty.(Dickens)

Dehn burst in, the terror of the streets written on his face.(Heym)

(b)The Nominative Absolute construction.

He stopped and turned about, hiseyes brightly proud.(Douglas)

 

(c)The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.

He looked at Mr. Micawber attentively, with his whole face breathing short and quick in every feature.(Dickens)

(d)The Prepositional Absolute construction.

He rushed forward, with fury in his looks, and fire in his eye.

 

7.A prepositional phrase or construction with a gerund.

His father looked up without speaking.(Lindsay)

Nellman was arrested by the FBI .. for "being a member of the Communist Party".

On her going to his house to thank him, he happened to see her through a window. (Dickens)

I left the room without anybody noticing it.

 

8.An infinitive, an infinitive phrase, or an infinitive construction.

They rose to go into the drawing-room. (Galsworthy)

So, on the following evening, we again assembled, to discuss and arrange our plans.(Jerome)

He put the picture on the table for George to get a better view of it. (Maugham)

 

54. The Adverbial modifier. Types of adverbial modifiers of time.

 

The adverbial modifieris a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb.

 

Adverbial Modifier of Time answers the question "when?"

 

For more than 5 years she has been living there -- Она живёт там более 5 лет.

The snow began to fall in the early morning. -- Рано утром начал идти снег.

 

Mike hurt his hand playing badminton. (Майк поранил руку, когда играл в бадминтон)

Hearing the joke I burst out laughing. (Услышав шутку, я рассмеялся)

They left the restaurant, having spent two hours over lunch. ( Они вышли из ресторана, проведя там два часа после обеда.)

 

An adverbial clause of time shows the time of the action expressed in the principal clause.

Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions: when, while, whenever (когда бы ни), as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now that (теперь, когда).

My mother died when I was eight years old .. (Eliot)

.. we must strike while the iron's hot. (Galsworthy)

I shall hope to visit you whenever I happen to be in London. (Collins)

There was still a gleam of sunset in the west as he strolled along. (Cronin)

Jan waved till the taxi disappeared round the bend in the road. (Cusack)

After this, they conversed on different subjects until they arrived at their journey's end. (Dickens)

But as soon as I saw Susan I stopped noticing my surroundings. (Barine)

Youcan stay here as long as you want. (Hemingway)

She (June) had given- him nothing of her company for a long time past, not in fact, since she had become engaged to Bosinney. (Galsworthy)

There was scarcely time for him to swallow a cup of tea in the refreshment room before the southbound train was signalled. (Cronin)

This is the claim I make on you, now that we have found each other. (Eliot)

In some cases an adverbial clause of time introduced by the conjunction as has the meaning of the gradual development of a process (поступового розвитку процесу.)

As dark night drew on, the sea roughened. (Ch. Bronte)

Adverbial clauses in sentences of the following type are also clauses of time:

Scarcely had his hands touched her head, when she sighed deeply. (London)

Hardly had they entered the house, when a violent thunderstorm broke out.

No soonerhad I wiped one salt drop from my cheek, than an-other followed.

The peculiarity of such sentences is that the conjunctions whenand thanintroducing adverbial clauses of time are correlated with the adverbs scarcely (ледве), hardlyand no soonerin the principal clause.

N o t e 1.The conjunction whenintroducing adverbial clauses of time should not be confused with the adverb whenintroducing subject clauses, predicative clauses, object clauses, and attributive relative clauses. Compare the following examples:

And people love their homes, even when things are tough. ) (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME)

The next thing to discover is when the paint was last seen without that smear. (PREDICATIVE CLAUSE)

Nothing told her when the eyes of her friend were for an instant fixed upon her, when the mind of her friend for a moment wondered, at the strange, new look in her face. (OBJECT CLAUSE)

There were moments when I felt all the misery of my friendlessness, all the peril of my dreadful responsibility. (ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE)

N o t e 2.— Adverbial clauses of time introduced by the subordinating conjunction while should not be confused with independent clauses introduced by the coordinating conjunction while.

There was a pause while he raised his cup and drank some tea. (Cronin) (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME)

His face was disturbed and troubled, while his clothes were disarranged and untidy. (Conan Doyle) (INDEPENDENT CLAUSE)

 

55. The Adverbial modifier of cause, purpose and result. Причина, результат, мета.