VIII. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст.
The Standard of Living
By the standard of living we mean not only the goods and services we consume, but also other aspects of the quality of life including health, leisure time, and environmental amenities. Welfare is another word that also conveys the idea of well-being. But it is not easy to measure the standard of living of a population in quantitative terms. We care not just about the quantity of goods and services but also their quality, and that can be difficult to measure. Think of the remarkable improvements in the quality of electronic devices, and in the effectiveness and safety of medical services; but how to quantify that? We also are to measure changes in the amount of leisure time, and the historical trend is towards more leisure.
The environment gets increasing attention as we become more aware of the negative effects of our activities on nature and how that affects our own welfare. Affluent societies have both the greatest impact on the environment and also the greatest ability to mitigate that impact. It is very difficult to measure environmental impact, nor is it easy to get agreement on how it should be valued, but there is no doubt that it will occupy increasing attention in the years ahead.
In measuring the standard of living we are concerned not simply with the average level of consumption or income, but also its distribution among households. Which society enjoys a higher standard of living, one with a higher average income but greater inequality, or one with a lower average income but less inequality? Most people would probably say that there is a trade-off between level and inequality, so the answer depends on how large the differences are.
Iх. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1.Is it easy to measure the standard of living of a population in quantitative terms?
2.What gets increasing attention?
3. Which society enjoys a higher standard of living?
Вариант 4
I.Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы.
1.There`s a problem with a new website design.
2. The value of exports is growing faster than the value of imports in Russia.
3. There have been changes in Russia’s trading partnerships.
II. КОПРы (Simple, Continuous(Progressive), Perfect).Прочитайте предложения (1-4) и вставьте пропущенные словосочетания (a-d) в пропуски: a) have agreed b) collect c) am meeting d) ordered.
1.Companies ---------- information about people all the time.
2. We ---------the goods two months ago. 3. We --------- on a few points.
4. I ------- Misses Walker at 5 pm.
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III. Раскройте скобки, употребляя сравнительную степень. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Now,things are slowly getting (good).
2. Economists like to make things (complicated).
3. Planned economies grow (slowly) than market economies.
IV. Вставьте в пропуски (1-4) предлоги (a-d): a) to b)on c)for d) through .
1.Many manufacturers sell their products ------- retailers.
2.A lot of companies sell products and services business ----- business
3. I go to the office ---foot. It takes me 25 minutes.
4.It”s a great airport. You never wait very long ----your luggage.
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V. Вставьте пропущенные слова. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
| a | b | c | d | e |
| paperwork | costs | pay | discount | employees |
1.Sometimes it is possible to negotiate a --------on large orders.
2.Some projects fail because they have unexpected ---------.
3.Administrative workers do a lot of--------,usually in the office.
4.A person in charge of other -------has a managerial position.
5.People who do voluntary work don`t receive any.
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VI. Переведите письменно слова 1-5. Подберите к словам соответствующие определения.
1.crumbling a) immobile, not moving
2.enviable b)not foreign
3.domestic c) important or worth money
4.valuable d) something that other people want
5.static e) falling apart or collapsing
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