Well extremely hard hardly ill bad

1. When I heard that Kate had passed her driving test I was really ....

2. Alex dances very ... and never steps on people's feet.

3. He was so tired that he could ... keep his eyes open.

4. The hotel was ... , but we didn't like the food in the restaurant.

5. Clara was extremely ... and spent a month in hospital.

6. George was driving too ... and was stopped by the police.

7. It's not a wonderful film, but it's ... good.

8. Helen worked very ... and was given an extra holiday.

9. When I realized I hadn't paid for the coat, I felt ....

10. I can't afford to buy that car because it's ... expen­sive.

11. David felt ... because he was working very ....

12. I was not ... interested in that car, I could ... drive at that time.

13. Paula felt... when her exams were over.

13. Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences.

1. We went to the play and had a great meal at Luigi's Cafe, ... we went dancing at the Factory.

a) in the end b) afterwards c) after all

2. She sounded quite nervous ... of her speech but she soon relaxed.

a) at the beginning b) in the beginning c) at the end

3. We liked our new neighbors ... but then thing began to go wrong.

a) first b) firstly c) at first

4. We looked everywhere for Caroline's passport but ... we gave up and she got a new one.

a) at the end b) in the end c) at first

5. I'm not disappointed with today's result. ...,we have won ten matches already this season.

a) At the end b) In the end c) After all

6. I wrote to her a month ago, and I'm ... waiting for a reply.

a) yet b) still c) already

7. Rita isn't going out with Nick. She told him she didn't want to see him ....

a) no longer b) longer c) any more

8. Someone paid a great deal of money for the house. It was ... expensive.

a) very b) quite c) a bit

9. The party took ... longer than we expected and it was ... nice walking through the park at night.

a) quiet b) rather c) quite

10. Thousands of people are starving because they can't get... food.

a) enough b) quite c) too

11. These new trains go ... faster nowadays than they used to.

a) much b) more c) most

12. It's still raining. How much ... can it go on?

a) long b) longer c) longest

14. Adjective or Adverb? Form and use adverbs where necessary.

Linkverb + adjective: Action verb + adverb;

Model: She looked sad. She looked at me sadly.

(She seemed sad.) (In a sad way.)

It was Getting Dark ...

I can't remember the accident very (clear). It was getting (dark) and it was (terrible) cold, but it wasn't raining (heavy). My head was aching (bad) and I was (hungry). I was walking out of the park when I (sudden) saw a boy playing (happy) on the pavement. The child seemed (happy) and didn't pay any attention to the cars passing by (quick). A man was sitting (quiet) on the bench. He seemed very (unhappy) and (angry). When I came up (near), he looked up and smiled (sad) at me. I left (curious) about him but I couldn't think what to say. I just stood there (foolish), looking at the man (cold). A car appeared (sudden) from behind the corner and I rushed (hurried) to the child. Now I'm lying (quiet) in hospital. I'm trying (careful) to remember what has happed to me. The man is sitting (near) me. He is trying to explain that drivers don't drive (careful) along narrow roads nowadays, but I am not listening to him (atten­tive).

15. Read the text and cross out 15 "unnecessary " words for the general sense of the passage. Add some adjectives and adverbs to the passage such as cold, extremely, young, etc., to make your story more colourful and expressive.

She was so Hungry ...

A close friend of my mother lives in the country in York­shire, and she often goes to the beautiful town of Harrogate to do her weekly shopping. After doing her shopping she usually has tea in a small tea shop.

One afternoon she was looking forward to having tea. She went to her usual tea shop, but it was crowded with people from the antiques fair. The waitress was rather embarrassed that there was no room for a regular customer, but she offered her a place at a small table, sharing with a middle-aged man. The lady was disappointed but wanted a cup of tea very much, so she agreed. The waitress showed her a table by the front window, where the man was sitting. The man smiled politely then returned to his paperback book. After a few minutes he got up and left.

The lady was drinking her tea when she noticed that there was a slice of fruit cake on the man's plate. She looked around carefully but there was no sign of him. She was feeling ex­tremely hungry and it seemed a dreadful shame to waste it, so she picked it up and ate it. Just as she was finishing the cake, the man appeared and returned to the table.

Task: Work in pairs. Tell each other about the most embar­rassing incident you can remember.

16. Read the text and choose the best definition for a coach potato.

Are you a Couch Potato?

Centuries ago, people didn't have much free time, because everybody was working too hard. In Britain in the nineteenth century, people had more spare time, but because the Victorians hated relaxing and doing nothing, they invented football, rugby and cricket. People took up more gentle activities too, like gar­dening, bird-watching and train spotting, and it was even possi­ble simply to watch a sport and give the impression that you actually doing something. Gradually, leisure activities have be­come less and less demanding and most people have a variety of more or less energetic interests or hobbies.

But now there is a new type of person who thinks that lying on the sofa watching television on Sunday afternoon or reading the newspaper from cover to cover is the most exciting activity they can manage. This is the twentieth-century coach potato. For them, every activity is too much trouble and laziness is an art form.

So how do you spend your free time? Are you a couch potato?

17. Read and discuss in pairs.

Life is a Gamble

Life is a gamble, says James Burke, who has worked out the odds[6] for you.

Odds - probability or likelihood, that something will or will not happen.

Task: Discuss the following statements if you think they are true or false.

1. Sunday is the most dangerous day of the week for driving.

2. Women drivers are more likely to have car acci­dents than men drivers.

3. A farmer's job is more dangerous than a policeman's.

4. More young people than old people get robbed.

5. Rich people are burgled more frequently than peo­ple who are less well off.

6. You are more likely to get heart disease if you are fat.

18. Put the words on the right into the correct place and make any necessary changes to the punctuation.

Jack and Liza's Holiday

Task:

1. Complete the story, using the adverbs on the right.

2. Speak about your best or worst holidays you remember best of all.

19. Read and retell the text, try to use all the adverbs you come across in it.

Acid Rains

Every year more and more plants and animals disappear. Nature is very carefully balanced and if this balance is disturbed, animals can disappear very fast forever. Every day, thousands of species of animals draw closer to extinction. There are countless number of species which may become extinct be­fore they are even discovered.

In many lakes the fish are dying. Fishermen are worried be­cause every year there are fewer fish and some lakes have no fish at all. Scientists are beginning to get worried too. What is killing the fish?

The problem is acid rain. Acid rain is a kind of air pollution. It is caused by factories that burn coal or oil or gas. These facto­ries send smoke high into the air. The wind often carries the smoke far from the factories. Some of the harmful substances in the smoke may come down with the rain hundreds of miles away.

The rain in many places isn't natural and clean any more. It's full of acid chemicals. When it falls in lakes, it changes them too. The lakes become more acidic. Acid water is like vinegar or lemon juice. It hurts when it gets in your eyes. It also kills the plants and animals that usually live in lake water. That is why the fish are dying in lakes.

Now scientists are also beginning to study the effect of acid rain on larger animals. For example, they believe that some deer in Poland are less healthy because of acid rain. If deer are hurt by the rain, what about people? This is the question many peo­ple are beginning to ask. No one knows the answer yet. But it is an important question for us all.

20. Give the Russian equivalents to the following proverbs. Use them in your short situations.

1. All is well that ends well.

2. Better to do well than to say well.

3. East or West, home is best.

4. Easy come, easy go.

5. Misfortunes never come singly.

6. Better late, than never.

7. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

The Numeral

Cardinal numbers

379 = three hundred and seventy nine; 2,860 = two thousand eight hundred and sixty; 5,084 = five thousand and eighty-four; 470,000 = four hundred and seventy thousand; 2,550,000 = two million, five hundred and fifty thousand; 3,000,000,000 = three billion.

NOTE: There is no plural 's' after hundred, thousand, million and billion when they are part of a number. On their own, they can be plural, thousands of people; millions of insects.

Ordinal numbers and dates

One of the problems with dates is that we write them and say them in a different way:

We write 4 January (or 4th January), but say the fourth of January or January the fourth. We write 21 May (or 21st May), but say the twenty-first of May or May the twenty-first. 1997 = nineteen ninety seven, 1905 = nineteen hundred and five or nineteen oh five.

Fractions and decimals

1/₄ = one and a quarter; 1/3 = one and a third; 1.75 = one point seven five; 1/₂ = one and a half; 1.25 = one point two five; 1.33 = one point three three; 1/4 = one and three quarters; 1.5 = one point five

Percentages

26% = twenty-six per cent.

More than 50% is the majority; less than 50% is the minority.

Arithmetic

There are four basic processes for working out (= calculating) a

problem:

+ = addition 6 + 4=10 (six plus/and four equals/is ten)

- = subtraction 6 - 4=2 (six minus four equals/is two) x = multiplication 6 x 4 = 24 (six times/multiplied by four

equals/is twenty-four)

- = division 4 - 2=2 (four divided by two equals/is two)

Saying '0'

This can be spoken in different ways in different contexts. Telephone number: 603 724 = six oh three, seven two four (AmEng = six zero three); mathematics: 0.7 = naught point seven, 6.02 = six point oh two; temperature: -10 degrees = ten degrees below zero / minus ten degrees; football: 2 - 0 = two nil; tennis: 40 - 0 = forty love.

Talking numbers

Here are several useful words and expressions connected with

numbers:

The streets have got odd numbers (3, 5, 7) on the left and even

numbers (4, 6, 8) on the right.

/ got 16 out of 20 in our last test.

Practice

1. How do you say these numbers in English?

1). 462; 2). 2'/₂; 3). 2,345; 4). 6,75; 5). 0,25; 6). 3¹/,; 7). 1,250,000; 8). 10,04; 9). 47%; 10). 20 September; 11). 3 July; 12). 602 8477 (phone number); 13). 5 centigrade; 14). In 1903; 15). In 1876.

2. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

1. After the game I heard the crowd was over twenty thou­sands.

2. We arrived on the ten September.

3. There were two hundred twenty altogether.

4.1 got twenty-five from forty in my test.

5. My birthday is thirty-one August.

6. My phone number is seven twenty three, six naught nine.

3. Write answers to these problems.

1. 23 and 36 is...

2. 2.24 times 8 is ...

3. 3.80 minus 20 is ...

4. 4.65 divided by 13 is ...

5. Add 10 and 6, multiply by 8, then subtract 40 and di­vide by 11. What have you got left?

6. Divide 33 by 11, multiply by 7, add 10, and subtract 16. What number is left?

4. Answer these questions. Write your answers in words.

1. When were you born?

2. How much do you weigh?

3. What is the number of the flat or house where you live?

4. Is that an odd or an even number?

5. What is the approximate population of your town?

6. What is the approximate population of your country?

7. What is the normal temperature of a healthy person?

8. How many kilometres are there in a mile?

5. Match the telex messages with their replies.

1. PLSE FWD 5000 FIVE THOUSAND ITEM GM F304 NXT WK N CONFIRM TRADE DISCOUNT 33%

2. RE OUR TELECON YESTERDAY PLS ARRNG MTG MR HARRIET 19 JAN 13.30 HEAD OFFICE

3. RE YR VISIT PLS FWD DETAILS YR FLIGHTS SOONEST

4. RE HANOVER TRADE FAIR PLS BOOK EXHIBI­TION STAND 80 SQUARE METRES

5. RE YR LTR DATED MAY 6 WE CFM RESERVA­TION SINGLE ROOM 2 NIGHTS MAY 14 AND 15

a) I will be on Flight В А 192, departing Pans on Thursday 30 March at 13.30 and arriving in London at 14.30. Please arrange accommodation at a hotel in the city cen­tre.

b) With reference to your telex of May 9, please change my hotel reservation to a single room for three nights from May 14 to May 16. Could you confirm this as soon as possible?

c) I regret that there are no 80 square metre stands available -there are only stands of 50 or 100 square metres. Please advise us of your decision by return telex.

d) We confirm that we have five thousand GM F304 available for immediate delivery, but we can only offer a 25% discount. Please confirm your acceptance as soon as possible.

e) I regret that Mr Harriet will be away on 19 January. I have arranged the meeting for Monday 22 January at 11.00. See you next week.

7. Here is postcard from Alaska. Study the task a), b).

Alaska. The biggest state

a) Read the postcard, and find this information:

1) the length of the coastline

2) the height of the highest mountain

3) the number of lakes

4) the size of the largest glacier

5) the price of the land when it was bought from Russia

6) the date of the purchase

7) the area of the state in square miles

8) the percentage of the U.S. land mass covered by Alaska

b) Ask and answer about your country:

Which is the highest point?

How long are the longest days?

Which is the longest river?

Which is the largest lake?

Which is the biggest city?

Which is the largest state or province?

Is the biggest city also the capital?

What's the population?

7. Mr Keller works in the travel business. He has a very busy veek. Read the information and complete the page from his diary.

1. Tomorrow, he's flying to New York.

2. The day after tomorrow, he has two afternoon ap­pointments.

3. On Saturday, he attended a trade fair in Prague.

4. Today, he's seeing the Managing Director of Ocean Travel.

5. He's returning from New York in three days' time.

6. He returned from Prague yesterday.

7. He's spending this weekend at his holiday home in Kiev.

8. In New York, he's meeting Mrs Catell at 3 p.m., and Mrs Forster two hours later.

9. The day before yesterday, he went sightseeing in Prague.

10. Next Monday, his contact from Transcape is com­ing to visit him.

8. Write down these dates (in numbers, not in words).

The Date Game

Now read the dates to your partner in a different order. Your partner listens, and then matches each date with the de­scription above.

You: The thirty-first of December, nineteen ninety-nine Your partner: The last day of this century

9. Make the story about the career of Margaret Thatcher. Use the dates mentioned. By analogy compose a story about another outstanding person.

Margaret Thatcher

10. Study the graphs and complete the report on the financial results of the British finances Aerospace Group, using the phrases below.

went up from rose to fell dramatically increased by to stand at increased steadily rose sharply

Sales ... between 1986 and 1988, then ... in 1989. The group's pre-tax profits ... in 1987 when they made a loss or over

£100 m. There was a strong recovery in the late eighties and 1990's results were very healthy.

11. Use this information to complete the company's balance sheet.

a) The amount the company owed their suppliers increased to £4,402min 1990.

The value of raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods increased by 20% to stand at £2,834m.

Investment in the business increased sharply to £2,860m.

The value of the company's investments, property and equipment rose by £289m to stand at £3,282m.

The company's short-term borrowing from the bank amounted to £223m in 1990.

The amount customers owed the company fell slightly to £l,320m.

b) Complete the sentences with a word from the list below: borrowed earned gave invest owed saved spent wasting

1. In 1990 the group ... £4m from investments in overseas companies.

2. The accountants advised us to repay 15% of what we ... to the banks.

3. The shareholders criticized the board for ... so much money on unnecessary trips abroad.

4. The company ... £5,000 to a local school to set up a computer department.

5. My stockbroker suggested I should ... in a South East Asia Unit Trust.

6. The government ... £6.5 billion from the IMF for a con­struction project.

7. Last year we ... over £3.5m on a research and develop­ment project.

8. We ... £323,500 in administrative costs by reducing the number of office staff.

12. a) Look at the menu and order your own meal.

b) Your partner wants to be fitter and healthier. Give strong suggestions and advices.

You should drink more water /play sport/.

13. Reacting to statistics. Study the following statistics about arms spending in the world, and then write a report outlining your reactions to them. Read text in part В and take it as ц model.

A) Comparative spending of 9 countries in 1984.

Numbers = million US $

GrossNational Product (World Military and Social Expendi­ture 1987-88, Ruth Leger Sivard)

B) Defence spending

The estimated level of spending on armaments throughout the world is about $790,000 million (£500,000 million). This rer resents £100 per person per annum, or 10 per cent of the world's total production of goods and services. In 1986 there were 27.2 million full-lime armed force regulars or conscripts plus 42.6 million reservists and 30.8 million para-militaries to total more than 100 million. The budgeted expenditure on de­fence by the US Government for the fiscal year 1986 was $273,369 million (£180 billion). The defence burden on the USSR has been variously estimated as a percentage of GNP (gross national product) to be between 12 and 17 per cent and thus may nearly treble of the US (6.4 per cent of GNP) (Guin­ness Book of Records).

14. a) Read the text. Analize the power of number "13". Give only other examples.

Number power

Some people say it makes no sense, but numbers play an important part in many lives. That's why the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Centre has decided not to allow the number 666 on car numberplates because it is the mark of the devil.

Other numbers have great superstitious power - just ask triskaidekaphobics - people who fear the number 13 and Friday 13th in particular. Thanks to them, elevators all over the country jump from floor 12 to floor 14. On Concorde, you won't find Row 13, and many hotels have no floor 13.

At the Savoy Hotel, they are very careful. If there are 13 guests to dinner, the waiters bring an extra "guest" - a small black cat made of stone called Kaspar - to make the numbers up to 14. According to the story, a South African businessman, Wool Joel, went ahead with a dinner for 13 people in 1898 after the 14th guest cancelled. Joel was murdered soon afterwards.

People who study numbers say that each number relates to one of the planets and that your birthday has a special meaning. To find out what numbers are important to you, write down your birth date. The day describes your outer personality, the month is your inner self and the year is your future. Where there is more than one figure, add them together to get a single figure. For example, 1965 =1+9+6+5 which is 21. Then add 2+1 to get 3.

b) Work out your important numbers and complete the chart below.

1. Sun - a great creator, outgoing, strong

2. Moon - imaginative, sensitive

3. Jupiter - ambitious, optimistic, positive

4. Uranus - intelligent, scientific, often misunderstood

5. Mercury - good communicator, quick, thinker

6. Venus - sensual, passionate, romantic

7. Neptune - impatient, good learner

8. Saturn - caring, understanding, but susceptible to problems

9. Mars - strong, brave, passionate

1. Birthday ________Total_________Inner self_________

2. Month__________Total_________Outer self ________

3. Year ___________Total_________Future ___________

15. Study the following information about Australia and com­plete the story about this country given in part B.

People

Little is known about the first Australians, except that they were black people who came to the continent thousands of years ago. About 300,000 Australians spread over nearly 8 million square kilometres and divided into 500 or so tribes speaking 300 different languages. The Aboriginal Australians lived en­tirely by gathering edible plants and sea-food and hunting wild animals and birds. Some scholars characterise the people of such societies as "savages" or "primitive communists". To think of them in this light is perhaps the best way to understand whv the new white Australians and the old black ones could hardly understand each other in the 18th and the 19th centuries. The ancient black society believed in the sanctity of communal and public property, while the while newcomers - society was based on the sanctity of private property.

First Europeans came to Australia in the 17th century. It was an age when any part of the world whose inhabitants couldn't fight the Europeans was considered European property English Captain James Cook announced in 1770 that the whole east coast now belonged to Great Britain and gave it the curious name of "New South Wales".

On 26 January, 1788 the First Fleet landed at Sydney Cove The first settlers were mostly convicts, soldiers and government officers. The British Government decided to use the Australian land as an "open air prison". In the convict societies they tried to turn thieves into more or less honest workers.

Part B. Make a report about Australia. Use the information of both parts.

Religion:

Anglican - 26.1%, Roman Catholik - 26%, other Christian - 24%.

Area:total area: 7,686,850 km, land area - 7,617,930 km, compara­tive area: slightly smaller than the US.

Land boundaries: 0 km.

Coastline:25,760 km.

Climate:generally arid to semiarid temperate in south and east; tropical in north.

Terrain:mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast.

Land use:arable land: 6%; permanent crops: 0%; meadows and pastures: 58%; forest and woodland: 14%; other 22%.

Labour force:8.63 million (Sept. 1991) by occupation: finance and services 33.8%, public and community services 22.3%, wholesale and retail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and industry 16.2%, agriculture 6.1 (1987).

Unemployment rate:11.3% (Dec. 1992).

Administrative divisions:6 states: New South Wales, Queens Land, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia and 2 territories; Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory.

16. You are going to read an article about the changing state of the family. Look at the following statements and analyse them. Discuss them with your partner:

1. Marriage is becoming less important to many young people.

2. Families are spending less time together.

3. The divorce rate is rising.

4. More parents are bringing their children up alone without a partner.

5. More women are having careers rather than starting families.

6. The average family is getting smaller as the birthrate falls.

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