Падеж имен существительных
В английском языке существительное имеет два падежа: общий падеж и притяжательный падеж. Общий падеж имеют все существительные. Это форма, в которой существительное дается в словаре.
Притяжательный падеж обычно употребляется с одушевленными существительными. Существительное в притяжательном падеже имеет окончание ( ’s ) в единственном числе или апостроф ( ’) во множественном числе. Притяжательный падеж указывает на принадлежность предмета и отвечает на вопрос whose? - (чей, чья, чьи): This is my mother’s sister. Это сестра моей мамы. The students’ room is comfortable. Комната студентов - удобная. Существительное в функции определения следует переводить:
А) прилагательным
We have a large State library in our town. В нашем городе большая государственная библиотека.
б) существительным без предлога или с предлогом
Our Institute building is high. Здание нашего института высокое.
(См. также таб. №4, №5, №6, №8)
Тренировочные упражнения
1. Вместо точек вставьте артикли «a», «an», если артикль необходим:
1. I usually smoke … cigarettes or … pipe. My father smokes … cigars. 2. Give me … match, please. 3. Are there … matches in that box? 4. Is there … bookshop in this street? I want to buy … books. 5. … watchmaker repairs … watches and … clocks. 6. There is … sofa and … armchairs in this room. 7. Did you buy … boots or … shoes? 8. Andrew is … accountant. He is … chief of the bookkeeping department of … large organization. 9. Mr. Ivanov is … architect: his two brothers are … engineers. 10. There are … books and … magazines on the table. 11. What … strange man! 12. What … interesting books!
2. Вместо точек вставьте, где требуется, артикли:
1. … coal is one of … mоst important natural resources of our country. 2. … most common kind of … fuel used by man is … wood. 3. Put … wood on … fire. 4. … silver is not as heavy as … gold. 5. … iron is … metal. 6. … iron ore found in that mine is of high quality. 7. Please cut … grass in the garden. 8. Pour … milk into the cup, please. 9. … milk, which you brought in the morning, has turned sour. 10. We make … butter and … cheese from … milk. 11. … tea is very hot; I must put … milk in it. 12. Buy … tobacco, please. 13. Pass me … sugar, please. 14. … windows were in … light and … air. 15. We go to school on … foot. 16. In … morning I get up at seven. 17. … dog is … domestic animal. 18. By … way, let us go to the cinema. 19. … his dog is very clever. 20. This is … my house. 21. He is … cleverest boy in class. 22. Go to … room 7. 23. I go to school by … bus. 24. … President of … our state came to … our university.
3. Употребите артикль с существительными, значение которых определяется ситуацией:
1. What's … matter? Have you lost ... keys again? 2. What's … date today? Where's ... calendar? 3. What's … time? I've left ... watch at home. 4. Describe ... situation to us, will you? 5. Put ...dictionary in its place. 6. Are you going to lay table? - Yes, but where is ... table-cloth? 7. I think we must put... fridge in the corner. 8. Where are ... tickets? ... performance begins in half an hour. 9. - Clean carpet. - But ... vacuum-cleaner is out of order 10. We accepted ... invitation with great pleasure. 11. Water ... flowers ... water is in the jug. 12. Switch on ... light, light is very bad here. 13. Iron ... dress, will you? ... party begins very soon.
4. Объясните употребление артиклей с выделенными словами:
А.1.The rosewas approved of by the Congress of the USA as the National Flower.2.The avocadois the most caloric fruit eaten by humans. 3. The catwas first domesticated by ancient Egyptians. 4. The papayaisvery useful, it can make you look younger. 5. The mountain goat, which is often referred to as "the old man of the mountains", is not really a goat. It is an antelope. 6.The belladonna plantis both useful and dangerous to humans. 7.The cockroachis believed tobe the oldest insect on the Earth. 8. The Australian koala bearfeeds mostly on the leaves of the eucalyptus tree.
B.1.Anthropologyshows the development of man onthe Earth. 2.The diamondis the hardest natural substance known to man.3. In the short life of man,no lost time can be afforded. 4. Manproposes, God disposes. 5. The great destination of womanis toawaken love. 6.The pessimistsees the difficulty in any opportunity, the optimistsees the opportunity in any difficulty. 7. The atomwas known to the ancient Greeks. 8.The bicycleis a very popular means of transport in China. 9. The articleis a small word which means a lot. 10. Alexander Bell was a genius to invent the telephone.11. The Lumiere brothers invented the cinema.12. The radiowas invented long before television.13. The gardenhas always been a religious symbol starting from the Koranand the Bible.
5. Вставьте в пропуски необходимый артикль:
A. 1. Pass me ... bread, please. I like ... rye bread. 2. Put ... kettle on the fire. We'd like ... hot tea. 3. How much is ... dictionary? Is it... expensive book? 4. Where are ... children? They've gone for ... walk. 5. Shall I really buy ... coat? Isn't it too long? 6. Look at ... girl. She is like … calendar picture. 7. - Where did you get ... cat from? - From ... friend. 8. Is ... water filtered? Can I use it? 9. I can't say that I enjoyed ... film. 10. Where is ... money? - I've no ... idea. May I have a look at ... ring, please?
B.1. I have ... family. ... family is not big, but friendly. 2. This is ... wonderful car. ... car is my brother's. 3. Jane bought... dictionary. She paid much for ... book. 4. The police officer saw ... strange man near the bank. He recognized ... man. 5. It's ... beautiful flower. I am sure, Mary left ... flower here. 6. They arrived at ... very old house. ... house looked dark and unfriendly. 7. What ... funny little dog! Is ... dog yours? 8. Once upon a time, there lived ... greedy king. ... king was not popular. 9. They found ... cottage in the forest. Not ... sound came from ... house. 10. One day Molly found ... old book in the library She found ... wonderful story in ... book.
6. Вставьте в пропуски артикли, если это необходимо:
Ben's mother sent him to ... shop to buy ... rice, ... fish and ... bread. She also told him to get ... salt. ... sugar and ... vegetables. When he got back home with ... purchases, his mother was dissatisfied. Look at ... products, Ben, she said. ... fish isn't fresh, ... rice is old and full of weevils and ... bread is stale. There are ... lumps in ... salt, … vegetables are not fresh and ... sugar is dirty. ... food is expensive and now I'll have to throw away some of... things you've bought. Next time be more careful, Ben!
7. Объясните употребление артиклей с выделенными словами. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. Although Australiais the smallest continent, it is the largest island in the world. 2. Luxembourg is a small country in Europe between France, Belgium and Germany, 3. The population of the Russian Federation is about 150 million people. 4. The Empire State Building in Fifth Avenue is a symbol of New York 5. The Capitol is the place where the inauguration of the President of the USA takes place. 6. The six island countries of the West Indiesare the Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica. 7. Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea. Seoul is the capital of South Korea. 8. Turkey is situated on two continents, Asia and Europe. The dividing line is the Bosporus, a strait that connects the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea. 9. Vatican is the Pope's Palace on the Vatican Hill in Rome. The Vatican Cityis the only surviving Papal state. 10. Monacois a tiny independent country on the Mediterranean coastof France near Italy. 11. We stayed at the Viking Hotelin Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. 12. The South Bank Centre in London consists of the National Theatre, the National Film Theatre, the Hayward Gallery, and the Festival Concert Hall. 13. The Washington Monument gives a splendid view of the city. 14. My Italian friends took me to see the Colosseum and the Forum. 15. Stonehenge is located on Salisbury Plain, in southern England.
8. Какие из географических названий имеют определенный артикль:
1. Kilimanjaro, Yenissei, Bermuda, Elbrus, Hudson Bay, Laptev sea, Urals, Kalahari, Volga, Madeira, English Channel, Palm Beach, Olympus, South Pole, Suez Canal, Sicily, Lake Chad, Bermuda Triangle, Malay Archipelago, Kara-Kum.
2. United Arab Emirates, Sudan, Far East, Brussels, Netherlands, Hague, Northern Europe, Russian Museum, Middle East, Roman Empire, Miami Airport, Nobel Prize, Republic of Ireland, Athens, Winter Palace, Eiffel Tower, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands.
9. Вставьте необходимый артикль:
A. 1. ... Antarctic is the home for penguins, dolphins and whales. 2. She was sent to ... Persian Gulf as a correspondent. 3. ... Europe extends from ... British Isles in the west towards ... Urals in the east. 4. The highest peak in ... North America is ... Mount McKinley. 5. We had an unforgettable experience in … Austrian Alps. 6. ... Iceland is a volcanic island. 7. If you want to see ... Lake Victoria and ... Mount Kilimanjaro, go to ... Kenya. 8. It hasn't rained for several hundred years in ... Atacama in ... South America. 9. The hunters got lost in ... Rocky Mountains. 10. Many centuries ago ... Vesuvius destroyed ... Pompeii. 11. Most toxic waste water drains directly into ... Labe (Elbe) River in ... eastern Bohemia. 12. Life in ... Cyprus follows the rhythm of the sun. 13. The most famous Italian river is ... Tiber, which runs from ... Apennine Mountains and empties itself into ... Tyrrhenian Sea. 14. I wish I could visit ... Lake Chad in ... North Central Africa. 15. You simply must come to ... Tetras for skiing. 16. ... French Riviera is on ... Mediterranean south coast of... France. 17. The oldest country in the world is ... Iran, which was known as ... Persia until 1934. It has been independent since 529 B.C.
B. 1. ... White Tower in London was built between 1078 and 1098. 2. They always stay at ... Coral Sands Hotel when they come to ... Sidney. 3. Excuse me, how can I get to ... Natural History Museum? 4. ... Supreme Court is the highest tribunal in ... USA. 5. ... Freer Gallery of Art has a rich collection of Asian and American Art. 6. - Does this bus go to ... Sheremetyevo Airport? - Yes, it does. 7. You can say whatever you like in ... Speaker's Corner in ... Hyde Park. 8. You can get a ticket to ... Moscow International Festival at the kiosk next to ... GUM. 9. Who built ...St. Basil's Cathedral? 10. Most news comes from ... BBC and ... CNN. 11. ... Buckingham Palace, ... Trafalgar Square, ... Houses of Parliament, ... Tower of London,... Tower Bridge, ... National Gallery are the usual sights in ... English capital. 12. ... Friary Centre is in ... Willow Street. 13. The capital of... China has two names: ... Beijing and ... Peking. 14. ... Mexico, ... New York, … Tokyo are the biggest and the most polluted cities in the world. 15. The capital of... Republic of San-Marino is ... San-Marino. 16. ... London Zoo is the oldest in the world. 17. ... Charring Cross Bridge is a railway bridge, which crosses ... Thames in ... Central London 18. ... Statue of... Liberty is a gift from the French people to the American people. It stands on ... Liberty Island in ... New York Harbor. 19. About 190 states are members of ... United Nations Organization. 20. Our solar system is a small part of ... Galaxy. ... Universe includes billions of ... galaxies. Our galaxy is called ... Milky Way. We can see stars and planets from ... Earth. There are ten principal planets: ... Sun and ... Moon, ... Mercury, ... Venus, ... Mars, ... Jupiter, ... Saturn, ... Uranus, ... Neptune, ... Pluto. The names of the planets came from Greek and Roman gods and goddesses.
10. Замените, где возможно, существительное с предлогом «of» формой притяжательного падежа:
1. The new club of the workers. 2. The poems of Lermontov. 3. The clothes of the boys. 4. The walls of the room. 5. The plays of Shakespeare. 6. The voice of his sister. 7. The solders of the Commander-in-Chief. 8. The pages of the book. 9. The watch of my friend Peter. 10. The birthday of my daughter Helen. 11. The parents of all the other boys. 12. The boats of the fish men. 13. The opinion of the lawyer. 14. The signature of Mr. Brown. 15. The offer of the seller. 16. The conclusions of the expert. 17. The house of my father-in-law.
11. Замените форму притяжательного падежа существительным с предлогом «of»:
1. My father’s library. 2. The doctor’s prescription. 3. The ship’s crew. 4. The teacher’s order. 5. The engineer’s drawings. 6. The buyer’s confirmation. 7. The ship-owners’ instructions. 8. Mr. Brown’s proposal. 9. The sellers’ claim. 10. The representative’s report.
12. Переведите на английский язык:
1. Знаете ли вы адрес Иванова? 2. Есть ли у вас карта Европы? 3. Рабочий день моего брата на этой фабрике длится 8 часов. 4. Муж моей сестры Елены уехал в Киев. 5. Мы еще не получили ответа покупателей. 6. Они сообщили нам о прибытии парохода. 7. Матросы немедленно выполнили приказание капитана. 8. Я не знаю еще решения директора.
13. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод выражений без притяжательного падежа:
Trade talks, consumer goods, food sales, exchange rate, wheat consumption, flax production, long-term credits, power station equipment, sugar price, coal supply situation, wholesale prices index, world cotton stocks, profit and loss account, cotton yarn production figures, Moscow University, Cambridge collage-
14. Употребите притяжательный падеж в следующих словосочетаниях:
the park of St. James, in the time of a week, the fur of the fox, the clothes of the children, the hats of ladies, the crown of the King, the house of Mr. and Mrs. Bond, the wedding of Jack and Jane, the name of the book, the owner of the restaurant, the beginning of the month, the end of the year; the decision of the government, the success of the company, the population of the world.
15. Выполните задания:
A. Употребите притяжательный падеж в следующих словосочетаниях:
the head of the state; the monarch of the United Kingdom; the authority of the Queen; the Parliament of the United Kingdom; the position of the Prime Minister; territories of the British Empire; the National Party of Scotland; a legacy of the British Empire.
B. Замените существительные с предлогом of существительными в притяжательном падеже: Образец: the name of my friend – my friend’s name:
a meeting of students, the flat of my mother-in-law, the house of his parents, the theatres of Moscow, the children of my sister Mary, a distance of two miles, the rights of the women
C. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык, употребляя притяжательный падеж:
Квартира моего друга, дочь нашего младшего брата, комната студентов, сын её сестры, дом его родителей, книга Джона, машина их отца.
16. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным:
1. Statistics depends too much on limited information resources. 2. The degree of government restrictions differs greatly between countries. 3. Economics analyzes society’s production and consumption levels. 4. As consumer income is increased, demand for a normal good will also increase. 5. A free market economy has no government intervention.
Имя прилагательное
Прилагательные обозначают признаки, качества или свойства предметов. В английском языке есть простые прилагательные (Simple Adjectives) - nice, small, strong; производные прилагательные (Derived Adjectives) - dirty, childish, friendly, useful; и сложные (составные) (Compound Adjectives) - light- blue, red-hot, good-looking.
Прилагательные в английском языке не изменяются по числам, родам и падежам, не имеют кратких форм. А white cat. Белая кошка. Two white cats. Две белые кошки. A very hot potato. Очень горячая картофелина. Two hot potatoes. Две горячие картофелины.
Степени сравнения прилагательных (Degrees of comparisons of adjectives)
В английском языке, как и в русском, качественные прилагательные имеют три степени сравнения: положительную (the Positive Degree), сравнительную (the Comparative Degree) и превосходную (the Superlative Degree).