Alikhan Nurmukhameduly Bukeikhanov
Education and Science Ministry of Kazakhstan
KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Al-Farabi
Department: Mechanics and Mathematics
Speciality: A&C
Topic: Historiography of the study of Alash movement in modern historical science (Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Mustafa Shokai, Ahmet Baitursynov, Myrzhakyp Dulatov et al.).
Completed by:
Yessengeldin N.E.
Checked by:
Iskakova G.Z.
Almaty 2016
In the early twentieth century in the period of the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people there was a movement "Alash". Its main goal was to create an independent Kazakh state. The First World War, and occurred in 1917 February and October revolutions in Russia have stepped up activity of the Kazakh national intelligentsia to protect the rights of indigenous peoples. The first steps in the creation of the Kazakh National Party have been taken during the period of the first Russian revolution. At the end of 1905 in the city of Uralsk it was called "Delegates Congress" representatives of the five regions of Kazakhstan, which adopted a preliminary decision on the establishment of the Kazakh National Party, on the basis of which later appeared the party "Alash". After the October Revolution, the life of the people has deteriorated, the political forces were scattered. In these circumstances, the leaders of the Kazakh liberal democratic movement, knowing the rapidly changing situation and the revolutionary opposite each other goal of political forces, decided to speed up the All-Kazakh Congress.
In July 1917, in Orenburg, the First All-Kazakh Congress, which addressed issues of governance, autonomy, participation in the Constituent Assembly, the formation of a political party, a land, a people's militia, education, court and other issues. The main decision of the congress was: to defend the right of the Kazakhs in the national-territorial autonomy within a "democratic, parliamentary and federal republic of the Russian." Significant milestone at the congress was that the Congress had resolved the question of the formation of the party "Alash".
The purpose and goal of Alash orda was :
1. To establish territorial and national autonomy regions Bukeyev horde, Ural, Turgay, Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Syrdarya and Kazakh districts of Ferghana, Samarkand, Amudarya department, the Transcaspian region, adjoining Kazakh townships Altai provinces, representing a continuous territory with a dominant Kazakh population of single origin, a single culture, history and a common language.
2. The autonomy and management
3. The territory of the autonomous regions of Alash with all the wealth that is on the surface of the earth, the waters and their resources, as well as the depths of the earth is the property of Alash.
4. Anyone who lives among the Kazakhs, guaranteed minority rights. In all institutions the autonomy Alash representatives of all nations should be predstavlёny proportionally. Available as territorial and cultural autonomy of those who are without the territory would be within the autonomy Alash.
5. In order to save the Alash area of the total collapse, anarchy, organize a temporary National Council "Alash Orda, consisting of 25 members, 10 seats of which give Russian and other peoples living among the Kazakhs. The seat of the Alash Orda temporarily elect Semipalatinsk. Alash Orda should immediately take over all executive authority over the Kazakh population "
From December 5 to December 13, 1917 in the city of Orenburg was called "All-Kazakh II Congress" that formed the government Alash Orda, headed by A. Bukeikhanov and proclaimed the autonomy of Kazakhstan. Second All-Kazakh Congress decided that as a part of the Kazakh autonomy will enter: Bokeev horde, Ural, Turgai, Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Syrdarya region and Kazakh districts of Ferghana, Samarkand region, Amudarya department, individual parish Altai province and Transcaspian department. Congress delegates noted that after the overthrow of the Provisional Government by the day of anarchy enhanced growth in the towns and villages in the wilderness, threatening the very existence of the Kazakhs. Therefore, "in order to save" it was decided to form a solid in Kazakhstan power in the face "of the Provisional People's Council", which gave the name of Alash Orda (the government Alash Autonomy). Congress instructed the Alash Orda immediately take over all executive authority over the Kazakh population, and develop a plan for the creation of the Kazakh militia numbering 25,000 people. It envisaged a certain amount for each area, training and supply by counties. The beginning talks with the Soviet government quickly ended due to sharply polar views on the country's about current situation and the future of Kazakhstan. Rejection of Alash Orda Soviet power was obvious. It began a confrontation with the Bolsheviks seized power.
Magjan Jumabayev
Magjan Jumabayev was a prominent kazakh writer and pedagogue, one of the modernQazaq literature's founders. He was born on June 25, 1893 in village Sasikkol, Akmolinsk Oblast. His farther Beken was a rich man who was engaged in trade. Name of his mother was Gulsim. Initial knowledge he received from the local mullah.
From 1905 until 1910 Majan Jumabayev was studying in Petropavl madrasah, learning there Arabic, Persian and Turkishlanguages. 1910 and 1911 were the years when he was studying in Ufa madrasah, where one of the teachers was Galimjan bragimov, the Volga Tatar classical writer. In 1912 his Qazaq poetry collected with the "olpan" name and written with Arabic alphabet was published and right away became popular among the Qazaq intellectuals.
During the summer and winter of 1917 he has been taking part in the creation of Qazaq "Ala" party and Ala Orda Kazakh national government at both All-Kazakh congresses as delegate of Akmolinsk Oblast.
Living later in Moscow he translated the works of Lermontov, Koltsov, Balmont, Merezhkovsky, Ivanov, Mamin-Sibiriak, Maksim Gorky, Alexander Blok, Goethe, Heine and other poets into Kazakh language. After the graduation in higher education there in 1927 he returned to Kazakhstan and had been working as teacher.
Because of the unfair accusation of being Pan-Turkist member of Alash Orda and Japanese spy, Jumabayev was arrested in Petropavl and convicted for the 10-year deprivation of liberty. Until the court he had been staying in Butyrka prison, and later was sent to Karelia and Arkhangelsk Oblast. In 1934 Maksim Gorky and Peshkova received the letter from him and due to their intercession Majan Jumabayev was emancipated before the appointed time. However, just half a year later he was arrested in Almaty again and executed by shooting of NKVD on 19 March 1938.
Alikhan Nurmukhameduly Bukeikhanov
Alikhan Nurmukhameduly Bukeikhanov was a kazakh statesman, politician, publicist, teacher, writer and environmental scientist who served as the Prime Minister of the Alash Autonomy from 1917 to 1920. He was leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement. He sided with the westernizers in the Kazakh political scene who were promoting the idea of the Western culture into the Kazakh steppe.
Alikhan Bukeikhanov was born March 5, 1866, in Karkaralinsky Uyezd, Semipalatinsk Oblast. He was a great grandson of Barak Sultan, former khan of Bukey Horde. He graduated from the Russian-Kazakh School and Omsk Technical School in 1890. He later studied at the Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute, where he graduated from the Faculty of Economics in 1894. During his youth, he is believed to have been influenced by socialists.
Upon graduating, Bukeikhanov returned to Omsk and spent the next fourteen years there working. From 1895 to 1897, he worked as teacher of mathematic in Omsk school for Kazakh children. He was a participant in the 1896 Shcherbina Expedition, which aimed to research and assess virtually every aspect of Russian-controlled Central Asia from the environment and resources to the culture and traditions of its inhabitants. This was the first of a few similar missions which Bukeikhanov accepted. Among his recorded contributions is "Ovtsevodstvo v stepnom krae" ("Sheep-Breeding in the Steppe Land"), which analyzed animal husbandry in Central Asia. Bukeikhanov was the first biographer of Abay Kunanbayev, publishing an obituary in Semipalatinsky listok in 1905. In 1909, he published collection of Kunanbayev's works.
In April 1917, Bukeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynov and several other native political figures took the initiative to convening an All-Kazakh Congress in Orenburg. There for the first time the idea of territorial autonomy emerged, and a national Kazakh-Kirghiz political party was formed Alash Autonomy.[7] Before the February Revolution, he collaborated with the Kadets in the hope of getting autonomous status for Kazakhs and contacted the head of the Russian Provisional Government Alexander Kerensky. Kerensky proceeded to make Bukeikhanov a comissar. On March 19, 1917, he was appointed as the Provisional Government Commissioner of Turgay Oblast. After theOctober Revolution, he was elected in 1917 as president of the Alash Orda government of Alash Autonomy.
In 1920, after the establishment of Soviet hegemony, Bukeikhanov joined the Bolshevik party and returned to scientific life. His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion, leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928. In 1926, Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter-revolutionary activity and put into Butyrka prison in Moscow. But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him, he was released from prison. In 1930, the authorities banished him to Moscow, where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed.
Mirjaqip Dulatuli
Mirjaqip Dulatuli was a Kazakh poet, writer and one of leaders of Kazakh nationalist Alash Orda government. Dulatuli was born on November 25, 1885 in the village of Sarikopa, Kostanay Province. He was from Middle jüz, Argin tribe. He lost his mother, Demesh, at the age of two and his father, Dulat, at the age of 12. He received early education in the traditional village school. In 1897, Dulatuli enrolled in a Kazakh-Russian high school and graduated in 1902 as a village teacher. In 1904, he joined Akhmet Baytursinuli and Alikhan Bokeikhanov in Karkaraly. Under the influence of these two leaders of emerging Kazakh reformist nationalist movement, he developed an anti-colonial, anti-Russian worldview.
He moved to St. Petersburg in 1907 as a delegate of Kazakh Constitutional Democratic Party. In St. Petersburg, he published his first poem in the Kazakh journal "Serke", which ran only one issue. The poem was entitled Jastarga ("to the Youth").
He contributed another article, Bizdin Maksatimiz ("Our Objective"), to the second issue of the journal, which was never published.
Mirjaqip's political formation was greatly maturated when he published his first poetry book, Oyan! Qazaq, "Wake up! Kazakh" in 1909.[2] The book was immediately confiscated. He republished Oyan! Qazaq in 1911 and returned to the Turgay oblast after the publication of the book.
Meanwhile, Dulatuli published his first novel Baqitsiz Jamal, "Jamal the Unfortunate" in 1910. Baqitsiz Jamal has been the first novel in the contemporary Kazakh literature. The book narrates the story of oppressed Kazakh women.
Thus, in early 1910s, Dulatuli emerges as a leader of emerging Kazakh reformism and nationalist movement. His publications put him under Russian surveillance, investigations and intimidations. Under Tsarist Russian surveillance, Dulatuli could not have a steady job or settle down in a town for a long time. He was arrested in Semey in 1911 and served one and half years’ prison term.
After his release, Dulatuli regularly contributed to Kazakh language journals Ayqap and Qazaq until 1918 when Qazaq was closed by the Kerensky government. In his essays and poems Dulatuli criticized socio-economic, political conditions of Kazakhs under imperial administration. He also published another poetry, Azamat, "Citizen" in 1913.[3]
Dulatuli was one of the leaders of Alash Orda Government which was formed to promote Kazakh autonomy under the Menshevik government. Alash leaders, including Baytursunov and Dulatuli, aligned with the Whites, declared independence of Kazakhstan and fought against Bolsheviks between December 1917-May 1919. When the leader of the Whites, Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak, turned down requests of Alash leaders for help, the Kazakh nationalists realigned with the Bolsheviks expecting autonomy under Bolshevik government. In 1920, autonomous socialist republic was established and Alash leaders participated in local government.
Dulatuli worked as an editor and teacher under Bolshevik government. In 1928, he was arrested on nationalism charges and died in Solovki labour camp in 1935.
Reference list:
1. Sabol, Steven (2003), Russian Colonization of Central Asia and the Genesis of Kazak National Conscious.
2. Galick, David (March 29, 2014). "Responding to the Dual Threat to Kazakhness: The Rise of Alash Orda and its Uniquely Kazakh Path". The School of Russian and Asian Studies. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
3. Нрпейісов К. Алаш м Алашорда.-Алматы: Ататек,1995.-253 б.
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5. Бкейханов . Шыармалар.-Алматы:азастан, 1994.-384 б.
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7. Гаспринский И. Из наследия. Казань.1992,
8. Валиди З. Воспоминания.Уфа.1996;
9. Алашорда. Фотоальбом. – Алматы: «Орхон» баспа йі, 2012.
10. Sabol, Steven (2003), Russian Colonization of Central Asia and the Genesis of Kazak National Conscious.
11. Galick, David (March 29, 2014). "Responding to the Dual Threat to Kazakhness: The Rise of Alash Orda and its Uniquely Kazakh Path". The School of Russian and Asian Studies. Retrieved March 14, 2015.