Уровень доказательности стратегий по уменьшению риска послеоперационных легочных осложнений

Литература.

1. Дж. Эдвард Морган-мл, Мэгид С. Михаил, Клиническая анестезиология.-Пер. с англ. – М.: Москва, изд. Бином, 2003

2. Abraham NS, Young JM, Solomon MJ. Meta-analysis of short-term outcomes after laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2004;91:1111-24.

3. Aquilina AT et al. Airway reactivity in subjects with viral upper respiratory tract unfections: the effects of exercise and cold air. Am Review Resp Desease, 1980, 122 (1), 3-10

4. Aubier M, Murciano D, Milic-Emili J, Touaty E, Daghfous J, Pariente R, Derenne JP.Effects of the administration of O2 on ventilation and blood gases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during acute respiratory failure.Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 Nov;122(5):747-54.

5. American College of Rhysicions: Preoperative pulmonaryfunction testing. Ann Intern Med, 1990;112: 793-794

6. Arozullah AM, Daley J, Henderson WG, Khuri SF. Multifactorial risk index for predicting postoperative respiratory failure in men after major noncardiac surgery. The National Veterans Administration Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Ann Surg. 2000;232:242-53.

7. Arozullah AM, Khuri SF, Henderson WG, Daley J. Development and validation of a multifactorial risk index for predicting postoperative pneumonia after major noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:847-57

8. Arunasalam K, Davenport HT, Painter S, Jones JG. Ventilatory response to morphine in young and old subjects. Anaesthesia. 1983 Jun;38(6):529-33

9. Babb T.G., Rodarte J.R. Mechanism of redused maximal expiratory flow with aging. J Appl Physiol., 2000

10. Bendixen HH, Hedley-White J, Chir B, Laver MB. Impaired oxygenation in surgical patients during general anesthesia with controlled ventilation. N Engl J Med 1963; 269: 991–6.

11. Berg H. et al. Residual neuromuscular block is a risk factor for postoperative pulmonary complications. Acta Anesthesiol Scand, 1997; 41 (9): 1095-103

12. Bernard GR. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a historical perspective. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct 1;172(7):798-806. Epub 2005 Jul 14

13. Bersten AD, Rutten AJ, Vedig AE, Skowronski GACrit Care Med. Additional work of breathing imposed by endotracheal tubes, breathing circuits, and intensive care ventilators.1989 Jul;17(7):671-7.

14. Bishop MJ, Cheney FW. Anesthesia for patients with asthma. Low risk but not no risk. Anesthesiology. 1996 Sep;85(3):460-7.

15. Bluman LG, Mosca L, Newman N, Simon DG. Preoperative smoking habits and postoperative pulmonary complications. Chest. 1998;113:883-9.

16. Boker A, Haberman CJ, Girling L, Guzman RP, Louridas G, Tanner JR, Cheang M, Maycher BW, Bell DD, Doak GJ. Variable ventilation improves perioperative lung function in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. Anesthesiology. 2004 Oct;101(4):1047; author reply 1047-8.

17. Boushy SF, Billing DM, North LB, et al: Clinical course related to preoperative pulmonary function in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 59:383, 1971.

18. Bozzetti F, Braga M, Gianotti L, Gavazzi C, Mariani L. Postoperative enteral versus parenteral nutrition in malnourished patients with gastrointestinal cancer: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet. 2001;358:1487-92.

19. Brown RH, Wagner EM. Mechanisms of bronchoprotection by anesthetic induction agents: propofol versus ketamine. Anesthesiology. 1999 Mar;90(3):822-8.

20. Brown RH, Zerhouni EA, Hirshman CA.Comparison of low concentrations of halothane and isoflurane as bronchodilators. Anesthesiology. 1993 Jun;78(6):1097-101.

21. Bulut Y, Hirshman CA, Brown RH. Prevention of lidocaine aerosol-induced bronchoconstriction with intravenous lidocaine. Anesthesiology. 1996 Oct;85(4):853-9

22. Canet J et al. The evideht-based regarding postoperative pulmonary complications. European anesthesiology congress, Copehhagen. Refreshing lecteres course, 2008

23. Cambaz S et al. Electrophysiological evaluation of phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery. BMC Surg, 2004; 4:2

24. Caplan RA, Posner KL, Ward RJ, Cheney FW.Adverse respiratory events in anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 1990 May;72(5):828-33.

25. Carillo G et al. Preoperative risk factors associated with mortality in lung biopsy patients with interstitial lung disease. J Inves Surg, 2005; 18: 39-45

26. Cartin-Ceba R., Sprung J., Gajic O., Warner D.O. The aging respiratory system. Anesthetic strategies to minimize perioperative pulmonary complications / from Geriatric anesthesiology, Ch 11. p. 149-164, 2009

27. Cereda M. Pulmonary risk assesment/ from Perioperative medicine: managing for outcomes – 1st ed, 2008, Ch. 10, p. 105-119

28. Cerveri I., Zoia M.C. et al. Reference values of arterial oxygen tension in the middle-aged and eldery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 1995

29. Choi G, Wolthuis EK, Bresser P et al. Mechanical ventilation with lower tidal volumes and PEEP prevents alveolar coagulation in patients without lung injury. Anesthesiology, 2006

30. Combes X, Cerf C, Bouleau D The Effects of Residual Pain on Oxygenation and Breathing Pattern During Morphine Analgesia Anesth Analg 2000;90:156.

31. Connors A.F., McCaffree R.D., Gray B.A.. Effectsof inspiratory flow rate on gas exchange during mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981, 124. 537-43

32. Conti G, Dell'Utri D, Vilardi V, De Blasi RA, Pelaia P, Antonelli M, Bufi M, Rosa G, Gasparetto A. Propofol induces bronchodilation in mechanically ventilated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1993 Jan;37(1):105-9

33. DeLorey D.S., Babb T.G. Progressive mechanical ventilatory constraints with aging/ Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 1999

34. Detsky AS, Baker JP, O'Rourke K, Goel V. Perioperative parenteral nutri-tion: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:195-203.

35. Don HF, Wahba M, Cuadrado L, Kelkar K.The effects of anesthesia and 100 per cent oxygen on the functional residual capacity of the lungs. Anesthesiology. 1970 Jun;32(6):521-9.

36. Douglas NJ, Flenley DCBreathing during sleep in patients with obstructive lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Apr;141(4 Pt 1):1055-70

37. Doyle RL. Assessing and Modifying the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Chest, 1999; 115: 77-81

38. Duggan M. et al. Pulmonary atelectasis: A pathogenetic perioperative entity. Anesthesiology, 2005; 102: 838-854

39. Durieux ME. Inhibition by ketamine of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function. Anesth Analg. 1995 Jul;81(1):57-62.

40. Eames WO, Rooke GA, Wu RS, Bishop MJ. Comparison of the effects of etomidate, propofol, and thiopental on respiratory resistance after tracheal intubation. Anesthesiology. 1996 Jun;84(6):1307-11

41. Ephgrave KS, Kleiman-Wexler R, Pfaller M, Booth B, Werkmeister L, Young S. Postoperative pneumonia: a prospective study of risk factors and morbidity. Surgery. 1993;114:815-9; discussion 819-21.

42. Erskine RJ, Murphy PJ, Langton JA. Sensitivity of upper airway reflexes in cigarette smokers: effect of abstinence. Br J Anaesth. 1994 Sep;73(3):298-302

43. Fiorica JV: Prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Surgical Rounds, 2001; 6-9

44. Floridal PA et al. Risk factors for major thromboembolism and bleeding tendency after elective general surgical operations. Eur J Surg, 1996; 162: 783-789

45. Fuster BG et al. Prognostic value of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2006; 29: 202-209

46. Gajic O, Dara SI, MendezJL et al.Ventilator-associated lung injury in patients without acute lung injury at the onset of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med, 2004

47. Gajic O, Frutos-Vivar F, Esteban A, Hubmayr RD, Anzueto A.Ventilator settings as a risk factor for acute respiratory distress syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med. 2005 Jul;31(7):893-5.

48. Gal TJ, Suratt PM, Lu JY.Glycopyrrolate and atropine inhalation: comparative effects on normal airway functionю Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 May;129(5):871-3.

49. Garibaldi RA, Britt MR, Coleman ML, Reading JC, Pace NL. Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. Am J Med. 1981;70:677-80.

50. Grichnik KP, D'Amico TA. Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome after pulmonary resection Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2004 Dec;8(4):317-34. Review.

51. Goldhaber SZ: Medical progress. Pulmonary embolism. N. Engl J Med, 1998; 339: 93-104

52. Groeben H, Schwalen A, Irsfeld S, Stieglitz S, Lipfert P, Hopf HB. Intravenous lidocaine and bupivacaine dose-dependently attenuate bronchial hyperreactivity in awake volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1996 Mar;84(3):533-9.

53. Groeben H, Silvanus MT, Beste M, Peters J. Combined intravenous lidocaine and inhaled salbutamol protect against bronchial hyperreactivity more effectively than lidocaine or salbutamol alone. Anesthesiology. 1999 Jul;91(1):318-9.

54. Guenard H., Marthan R. Pulmonary gas exchange in eldery subjects. Eur Respir J., 1996

55. Guyatt G et al. Applying the grades of recommendations for antithrombotic and thrombolitic therapy. Chest, 2004; 124: 179-187

56. Guller U, Jain N, Hervey S, Purves H, Pietrobon R. Laparoscopic vs open colectomy: outcomes comparison based on large nationwide databases. Arch Surg. 2003;138:1179-86.

57. Hanson CW 3rd, Marshall BE, Frasch HF, Marshall C. Causes of hypercarbia with oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med. 1996 Jan;24(1):23-8.

58. Hedenstierna G et al. The effects of anesthesia and muscle paralysis on the respiratory system. Intensive care Med, 2005; 31: 1327-1335

59. Hirshman CA, Downes H, Farbood A, Bergman NA. Ketamine block of bronchospasm in experimental canine asthma. Br J Anaesth. 1979 Aug;51(8):713-8.

60. Hulzebos EH et al. Preoperative intensive inspiratiry muscle training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery. JAMA, 2006; 296: 1851-1857

61. Janssens J.P. Pache J.C. Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with ageing. Eur Respir J., 1999

62. Jeff Nabonsal Hypoxemia and function of the lungs / from James Duke: Secrets of anesthesia, Ch 29, 2005.

63. Kessler R, Faller M, Weitzenblum E, Chaouat A, Aykut A, Ducoloné A, Ehrhart M, Oswald-Mammosser M. "Natural history" of pulmonary hypertension in a series of 131 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul 15;164(2):219-24.

64. Klinger JR, Hill NS.Right ventricular dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Evaluation and management. Chest. 1991 Mar;99(3):715-23.

65. Kopman AF et al. Antagonism of cisatracurium and rocuronium block at a tactile train-of-four count of 2: should quantitative assessment of neuromusculare function be mandatory? Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, 98(1), 102-6

66. Kurup V. Respiratory diseases. From Anesthesia and co-existing disease, 2008, ch. 9, p161-196.

67. Lawrence V.A et al. Strategies To Reduce Postoperative Pulmonary Complications after Noncardiothoracic Surgery: Systematic Review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Inter Med., 2006 V. 144 Issue 8, 596-608

68. Lawrence V.A awrence VA, Hilsenbeck SG, Mulrow CD, Dhanda R, Sapp J, Page CP. Incidence and hospital stay for cardiac and pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10:671-8.

69. Leo F, Solli P, Spaggiari L, Veronesi G, de Braud F, Leon ME, Pastorino U. Respiratory function changes after chemotherapy: an additional risk for postoperative respiratory complications? Ann Thorac Surg. 2004 Jan;77(1):260-5; discussion 265.

70. Licker M, de Perrot M, Spiliopoulos A, Robert J, Diaper J, Chevalley C, Tschopp JM. Risk factors for acute lung injury after thoracic surgery for lung cancer. Anesth Analg. 2003 Dec;97(6):1558-65.

71. Licker M et al. Perioperative medical management of patiens with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2007 December, 2(4) – 493-515

72. Liu SS et al. Effect of postoperative analgesia on major postoperative complications: A systematic update of the evidence. Ahesthesia and analgesia, 2007, 104(3), 689-702

73. Lumb AB, Nunn JF. Respiratory function and ribcage contribution to ventilation in body positions commonly used during anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1991 Oct;73(4):422-6.

74. Magnusson L, Spahn DR.New concepts of atelectasis during general anaesthesia.. Br J Anaesth. 2003 Jul;91(1):61-72.

75. Manning H., Mahler D. et al. Dyspnea in the eldery. In Mahler D Pulmonary Disease in the Eldery Patients. New York. 1993

76. Marik PE et al., Aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia in eldery. Chest 2003, 124: 328-336

77. Matthay MA, Abraham E. Beta-adrenergic agonist therapy as a potential treatment for acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Feb 1;173(3):254-5.

78. McAlister F.A., Bertsch K., Man et al. Incidence of and risk factors for pulmonary complications after nonthoracic surgery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2005

79. Medalion B et al. Long-term benefitial effects of coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with COPD. Chest, 2004; 127:892-901

80. Michael F. Roizen Miller’s Anesthesia 2004

81. Michael F. Roizen, Lee A. Fleisher Essence of Anesthesia Practice, 2006, p. 642

82. Mols G, Priebe HJ, Guttmann J. Alveolar recruitment in acute lung injury. Br J Anaesth. 2006 Feb;96(2):156-66. Epub 2005 Dec 16. Review. Erratum in: Br J Anaesth. 2007 Aug;99(2):307.

83. Moppett I.K. Resriratory risk From: Consent, benett and risk in anesthetic practice, 2007, ch. 12.

84. Mortensen CR eta l. Perioperative monitoring of neuromuscular transmission using acceleromiography prevents residual neuromuscular block following pancuronium. Act Anesth Scandin, 1995, 39(6)797-801

85. Murphy GS et al. Residual paralysis at the time of tracheal extubation. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, 100(6), 1840-5

86. Naunheim KS, Wood DE, Mohsenifar Z, Sternberg AL, Criner GJ, DeCamp MM, Deschamps CC, Martinez FJ, Sciurba FC, Tonascia J, Fishman AP; National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Long-term follow-up of patients receiving lung-volume-reduction surgery versus medical therapy for severe emphysema by the National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006 Aug;82(2):431-43.

87. Nishino T, Hiraga K, Sugimori K. Effects of i.v. lignocaine on airway reflexes elicited by irritation of the tracheal mucosa in humans anaesthetized with enflurane. Br J Anaesth. 1990 Jun;64(6):682-7

88. Nelson R, Tse B, Edwards S. Systematic review of prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal operations. Br J Surg. 2005;92:673-80.

89. Nicholson DJ et al. Postoperative pulmonary function in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patient undergoing early tracheal extubation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2002; 16; 27-31

90. Norris EJ, Beattie C, Perler BA, Martinez EA, Meinert CL, Anderson GF, et al. Double-masked randomized trial comparing alternate combinations of intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in abdominal aortic surgery. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:1054-67.

91. Padley SP, Jordan SJ, Goldstraw P, Wells AU, Hansell DM. Asymmetric ARDS following pulmonary resection: CT findings initial observations. Radiology. 2002 May;223(2):468-73.

92. Pacelli F, Bossola M, Papa V, Malerba M, Modesti C, Sgadari A, et al. Enteral vs parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: an even match. Arch Surg. 2001;136:933-6.

93. Parillo JE et al. Critical care medicine: Principles of diagnosis and management in the edult, ed 2. St. Louis, Mosbi, 2002

94. Park BJ et al. Robotic assistance for video-assisted thoracic surgical lobectomy technique and initial results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2006; 131: 54-59

95. Park WY, Thompson JS, Lee KK. Effect of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on perioperative outcome: a randomized, controlled Veterans Affairs cooperative study. Ann Surg. 2001;234:560-9; discussion 569-71

96. Pearce AC, Jones RM. Smoking and anesthesia: preoperative abstinence and perioperative morbidity. Anesthesiology. 1984 Nov;61(5):576-84

97. Pelosi P, Croci M, Calappi E, Cerisara M, Mulazzi D, Vicardi P, Gattinoni L. The prone positioning during general anesthesia minimally affects respiratory mechanics while improving functional residual capacity and increasing oxygen tension. Anesth Analg. 1996 Apr;82(4):885.

98. Perkins GD, Nathani N, McAuley DF, Gao F, Thickett DR. In vitro and in vivo effects of salbutamol on neutrophil function in acute lung injury. Thorax. 2007 Jan;62(1):36-42. Epub 2006 Aug 23.

99. Peyton PJ, Myles PS, Silbert BS, Rigg JA, Jamrozik K, Parsons R. Perioperative epidural analgesia and outcome after major abdominal surgery in high-risk patients. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:548-54.

100.Pizov R, Cohen M, Weiss Y, Segal E, Cotev S, Perel A. Positive end-expiratory pressure-induced hemodynamic changes are reflected in the arterial pressure waveform. Crit Care Med. 1996 Aug;24(8):1381-7.

101.Popovsky MA, Moore SB. Diagnostic and pathogenetic considerations in transfusion-related acute lung injury. Transfusion. 1985 Nov-Dec;25(6):573-7.

102.Quinlan DJ et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin for the treatment of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med; 140: 175-183

103.Raymond RJ et al. Echocardiographic predictors of adverse outcomes in primary pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2002; 39: 1214-1219

104.Raine J.M. et al. A-a difference in O2 tension and physiological dead space in normal man. J Appl Physiol., 1963

105.Ravimohan SM, Kaman L, Jindal R, Singh R, Jindal SK. Postoperative pulmonary function in laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy: prospective, comparative study. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan-Feb;24(1):6-8.

106.Rigg JR. et al. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia and outcome for major surgery: ф кфтвщьшыув екшфдю Дфтсуеб 2002б 359(9314)б 1276-82

107.Rooke GA, Choi JH, Bishop MJ. The effect of isoflurane, halothane, sevoflurane, and thiopental/nitrous oxide on respiratory system resistance after tracheal intubation. Anesthesiology. 1997 Jun;86(6):1294-9.

108.Rothen HU, Neumann P, Berglund JE, Valtysson J, Magnusson A, Hedenstierna G. Dynamics of re-expansion of atelectasis during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1999 Apr;82(4):551-6.

109.Rosenthal RA et al. Assessment and management of the geriatric patient. Crit. Care Med 2004; 32:92-105

110.Rothen HU, Sporre B, Engberg G, Wegenius G, Hedenstierna GAirway closure, atelectasis and gas exchange during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Nov;81(5):681-6.

111.Rubini F, Rampulla C, Nava S Acute effect of corticosteroids on respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients with chronic airflow obstruction and acute respiratory failure.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Feb;149(2 Pt 1):306-10.

112.Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF, Knox L, Pineo GF, Doig CJ, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:5-14.

113.Sartori C, Allemann Y, Duplain H, Lepori M, Egli M, Lipp E, Hutter D, Turini P, Hugli O, Cook S, Nicod P, Scherrer U. Salmeterol for the prevention of high-altitude pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 23;346(21):1631-6.

114.Schulman DS, Matthay RA. The right ventricle in pulmonary disease. Cardiol Clin. 1992 Feb;10(1):111-35. Review.

115.Selsby D, Jones JG. Some physiological and clinical aspects of chest physiotherapy. Br J Anaesth. 1990 May;64(5):621-31

116.Silvanus MT et al. Corticosteroids and inhaled salbutamol in patients with reversible airway obstruction markedly decries the incidence of bronchospasm after tracheal intubation. Anesthesiology, 2004; 100: 1052-57

117.Slinger P. Post-pneumonectomy pulmonary edema: is anesthesia to blame? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 1999 Feb;12(1):49-54.

118.Slinger P, Blundell PE, Metcalf IR. Management of massive grain aspiration. Anesthesiology. 1997 Oct;87(4):993-5.

119.Smetana GW, Lawrence V.A., Cornell J.E. Preoperative pulmonary risk stratification for noncardiothoracic surgery. Ann Intern Med, 2006; 144: 581-595

120.Srinivas RB. Preoperative evaluation of the patient with pulmonary disease. Chest, 2007; 132:1637-1645

121.Srivastava S et al. Use of bilateral internal thoracic arteries in CABG through lateral thoracotomy with robotic assistance in 150 patients. Ann Thorac Surg, 2006; 81:800-806.

122.Streiff MB. Vena cava filters: A review for intensive care specialists. J Intensive Care Med, 2003; 18: 59-79

123.Tack M et al. Effect of aging on the perception of resistive ventilatory loads. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1982; 126(3): 463-467

124.Tait AR et al. Glycopyrrolate does not reduse the incidence of perioperative adverse events in children with upper respiratory tract infections. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2007, 104(2), 265-70

125.Tenney SM, Remmers JE, Mithoefer JC. Interaction of CO2 and hypoxic stimuli on ventilation at high altitude. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci. 1963 Apr;48:192-201

126.Theadom A et al. Effects of preoperative smoking cessation on the incidence and risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications in adult smokers: a systematic review. Tobacco control, 2006, 15, 352-8

127.Todd S.R., Vercruysse G.A., Moore F.A. Acute respiratory failur / from Perioperative medicine: managing for outcomes – 1st ed, 2008, Ch 39. p.611-625.

128.Tolep K., Higgins N., Criner G Comparison of diaphragm strengh between healthy adult eldery and young men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 1995

129.van der Houwen HK, Heijmans PJ, Duurkens VA, Leusink HA, van Heesewijk HP, de Boer A.Postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema. A retrospective analysis of incidence and possible risk factors. Chest. 1997 May;111(5):1278-84.

130.Vaughan RW, Bauer S, Wise L. Effect of position (semirecumbent versus supine) on postoperative oxygenation in markedly obese subjects. Anesth Analg. 1976 Jan-Feb;55(1):37-41

131.Verbeken E., Cauberghs M., Mertens I et al. Comparison with normal and emphysematous lungs. Chest., 1992

132.Walder B, Schafer M, Henzi I, Tramèr MR. Efficacy and safety of patient-controlled opioid analgesia for acute postoperative pain. A quantitative systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45:795-804.

133.Waller DA, Gebitekin C, Saunders NR, Walker DR. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema complicating lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993 Jan;55(1):140-3

134.Warner DO, Warner MA, Offord KP, Schroeder DR, Maxson P, Scanlon PD Airway obstruction and perioperative complications in smokers undergoing abdominal surgery.Anesthesiology. 1999 Feb;90(2):372-9.

135.Warner DO.Preventing postoperative pulmonary complication the role of the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology, 2000

136.Webb A.R, Shapiro M.J, Singer M., Suter P.M., Oxford textbook of critical care. New York, Oxford Univercity Rress, 1999.

137.Westbrook PR, Stubbs SE, Sessler AD, Rehder K, Hyatt RE. Effects of anesthesia and muscle paralysis on respiratory mechanics in normal man. J Appl Physiol. 1973 Jan;34(1):81-6.

138.Wilson WC, Shapiro B. Perioperative hypoxia. The clinical spectrum and current oxygen monitoring methodology. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2001 Dec;19(4):769-812.

139.Zacks SL, Sandler RS, Rutledge R, Brown RS Jr. A population-based cohort study comparing laparoscopic cholecystectomy and open cholecystectomy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:334-40.

140. Zaugg M, Lucchinetti E. Respiratory function in the eldery. Anesthesiol Clin North Am, 2000

• ⇐ Назад
• -3
• -2
• -1
• 0
• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 1112