Приложение II. Как выглядел Иисус
1 Реконструкция лица Иисуса – дело рук Ричарда Нива, специалиста по восстановлению внешнего облика человека, из Университета Манчестера, ушедшего на пенсию. См. Popular Mechanics (7 December 2002).
2 О погребальных портретах см. Susan Walker and Morris Bierbrier (eds), Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt (London: British Museum Press, 1997; 2nd edn, New York: Routledge, 2000); Jan Picton, Stephen Quirke and Paul C. Roberts (eds), Living Images: Egyptian Funerary Portraits in the Petrie Museum (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007); Alan K. and Michael Brady (eds), Images and Artefacts of the Ancient World (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 131–150.
3 Что мы можем сказать о лике Иисуса, отпечатанном на Туринской плащанице, или о его изображениях на византийских монетах VI и VII веков н. э.? Тот факт, что между образом Иисуса на плащанице и на этих монетах есть много общего, заслуживает внимания. Однако ученые ставят под сомнение аутентичность плащаницы, а монеты были отчеканены достаточно поздно. Вряд ли имеет смысл реконструировать облик Иисуса на основе этих изображений.
4 Об одежде и тканях, найденных в Нахаль-Хевере, см. Y.Yadin, Bar-Kokhba: The Rediscovery of the Legendary Hero of the Last Jewish Revolt against Imperial Rome (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), pp. 66–85; Jodi Magness, Debating Qumran: Collected Essays on its Archaeology (Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Culture and Religion 4; Leuven: Peeters, 2004), pp. 113–149, esp. 137–140. Magness сопоставляет находки Ядина с теми остатками тканей, обуви и одежд, которые были найдены в Кумране. Об одежде римлян (где иногда проводится сравнение с находками Ядина) см. также Judith L. Sebesta, “Tunica Ralla, Tunica Spissa: The Colors and Textiles of Roman Costume”, и Lucille A. Roussin, “Costume in Roman Palestine: Archaeological Remains and the Evidence from the Mishnah”, in Judith L. Sebesta and Larissa Bonfante (eds), The World of Roman Costume (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), pp. 65–76, 182–190, соответственно. Roussin сопоставляет археологические данные с многочисленными замечаниями об одежде в раввинистической литературе. Она делает некоторые любопытные выводы о том, как одежда отражала социальный статус и религиозные традиции. В том же сборнике статей см. также Douglas R. Edwards, “The Social, Religious, and Political Aspects of Costume in Josephus”, pp. 153–162.
5 Об иудейских сандалиях и других изделиях из кожи см. Ann E. Killebrew, “Leather Goods”, in Lawrence H.Schiffman and James C.VanderKam (eds), Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (2 vols, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 1:477–479.
6 О римской обуви см. Alan K. Bowman and J. David Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing Tablets (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Frank Graham, 1974), p. 27 (pl. XIII). Соответствующие технические подробности см. C. van Driel-Murray, “Vindolanda and the Dating of Roman Footwear”, Britannia 32 (2001), pp. 185–197. Общая дискуссия см. N. Goldman, “Roman Footwear”, in Sebesta and Bonfante (eds), The World of Roman Costume, pp. 101–132.
Список сокращений
1 Apol. Justin Martyr, First Apology
1 Clem. 1 Clement
AASOR Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research
ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary
’Abot Mishnah: ’Abot
ABRL Anchor Bible Reference Library
Ag. Ap. Josephus, Against Apion
Ant. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities
Apol. Plato, Apology of Socrates
b. Ketub. Babylonian Talmud: Ketubbot
b. Meg. Babylonian Talmud: Megillah
b. Mo’ed Qat. Babylonian Talmud: Mo’ed Qatan
b. Pesah. Babylonian Talmud: Pesahim
b. Qidd. Babylonian Talmud: Qiddushin
b. Šabb. Babylonian Talmud: Shabbat
BA Biblical Archaeologist
BAR Biblical Archaeology Review
Bib Biblica
BibOr Biblica et orientalia
BibSem Biblical Seminar
CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly
CD Cairo Genizah copy of the Damascus Document
CIJ Corpus inscriptionum judaicarum
CIL Corpus inscriptionum latinarum
CIS Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum
CJO Catalogue of Jewish Ossuaries (ed. L. Y. Rahmani)
CJZ Corpus Jьdischer Zeugnisse aus der Cyrenaika (ed. G. Lьderitz)
CRINT Compendia rerum iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum
Dial. Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho
Dreams Philo, On Dreams
DSD Dead Sea Discoveries
Embassy Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius
Esth. Rab. Esther Rabbah
Exod. Rab. Exodus Rabbah
Haer. Irenaeus, Against Heresies
Hist. eccl. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History
IEJ Israel Exploration Journal
IG Inscriptiones graecae. Editio minor. Berlin, 1924–
Ign. Eph. Ignatius, To the Ephesians
Ign. Smyrn. Ignatius, To the Smyrnaeans
Joseph Philo, On the Life of Joseph
JBL Journal of Biblical Literature
JJS Journal of Jewish Studies
JQR Jewish Quarterly Review
JR Journal of Religion
JRASup Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplement series
JSHJ Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus
JSJSup Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian,
Hellenistic, and Roman Periods: Supplement Series
JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha:
Supplement Series
J. W. Josephus, Jewish Wars
LД Lexikon der Дgyptologie
Lev. Rab. Leviticus Rabbah
Life Josephus, The Life
m. Keritot Mishnah: Keritot
m. Ma‘aś. Š. Mishnah: Ma‘aser Sheni
m. Meg. Mishnah: Megillah
m. Mo‘ed Qat. Mishnah: Mo‘ed Qatan
m. Ned. Mishnah: Nedarim
m. Nega’im Mishnah: Nega’im
m. Parah Mishnah: Parah
m. Pesah. Mishnah: Pesahim
m. Šabb. Mishnah: Shabbat
m. Sanh. Mishnah: Sanhedrin
m. Ta‘anit Mishnah: Ta‘anit
m. Yoma Mishnah: Yoma
Mas Masada ostraca
MdB Le Monde de la Bible
Moses Philo, On the Life of Moses
Nat. Pliny the Elder, Natural History
NEAEHL The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (ed. E. Stern)
NovT Novum Testamentum
NovTSup Novum Testamentum Supplements
NTS New Testament Studies
NTTS New Testament Tools and Studies
OGIS Orientis graeci inscriptiones selectae (ed. by W. Dittenberger)
PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly
P. Oxy. Papyri Oxyrhynchus
Ps.-Diogenes A writing falsely attributed to Diogenes the Cynic
Qoh. Rab. Qohelet Rabbah
RAr Revue Archйologique
RB Revue biblique
REJ Revue des йtudes juives
SBLRBS Society of Biblical Literature Resources for Biblical Study
SBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical Study
SEG Supplementum epigraphicum graecum
Sipre Deut. Sipre Deuteronomy
Sipre Num. Sipre Numbers
SNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series
Song Rab. Song of Songs Rabbah
Spec. Laws Philo, On the Special Laws
t. Me‘ila Tosefta: Me‘ila
t. Menah. Tosefta: Menahot
T. Mos. Testament of Moses
t. Qidd. Tosefta: Qiddushin
t. Šabb. Tosefta: Shabbat
t. Sukkah Tosefta: Sukkah
Tg. Ps.-J. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
TSAJ Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum
WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament
y. Ketub. Jerusalem Talmud: Ketubbot
y. Meg. Jerusalem Talmud: Megillah
y. Mo‘ed Qat. Jerusalem Talmud: Mo‘ed Qatan
ZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche
Для дальнейшего чтения
К счастью, в наши дни появляется все больше и больше трудов, посвященных археологии. Тем, кто хотел бы углубиться в вопрос об археологических находках, связанных с Иисусом, я могу порекомендовать следующие публикации:
Книги
Aviam, M., Jews, Pagans and Christians in Galilee: 25 Years of Archaeological Excavations and Surveys. Hellenistic to Byzantine Periods (Land of Galilee 1; Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2004).
Bagatti, B., Excavations in Nazareth: Vol 1, From the Beginning till the XII Century (2 vols, Publications of the Studium Bibli-cum Franciscanum 17; Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1969).
Bottini, G. C., Di Segni, L. and Alliata, E. (eds), Christian Archaeology in the Holy Land, New Discoveries: Essays in Honour of Virgilio C. Corbo, OFM (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum: Collectio Maior 36; Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1990).
Charlesworth, J. H. (ed.), Jesus and Archaeology (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2006).
Charlesworth, J. H. and Weaver, W. P. (eds), What Has Archaeology To Do with Faith? (Faith and Scholarship Colloquies; Philadelphia, PA: Trinity Press International, 1992).
Crossan, J. D. and Reed, J. L., Excavating Jesus: Beneath the Stones, Behind the Texts (San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 2001).
Edwards, D. R. and McCollough, C. T. (eds), Archaeology and the Galilee: Texts and Contexts in the Graeco-Roman and Byzantine Periods (South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism 143; Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1997).
Edwards, D. R. and McCollough, C. T. (eds), The Archaeology of Difference: Gender, Ethnicity, Class and the “Other ’ in Antiquity: Studies in Honor of Eric M.Meyers (AASOR 60/61; Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2007).
Evans, C. A., Jesus and the Ossuaries: What Jewish Burial Practices Reveal about the Beginning of Christianity (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2003).
Fant, C. and Reddish, M. G., Lost Treasures of the Bible: Understanding the Bible through Archaeological Artifacts in World Museums (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2008).
Gibson, S., The Final Days of Jesus: The Archaeological Evidence (New York: HarperOne, 2009).
Meyers, E. M. (ed.), Galilee through the Centuries: Confluence of Cultures (Duke Judaic Studies 1; Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1999).
Meyers, E. M. and Strange, J. F., Archaeology, the Rabbis and Early Christianity (London: SCM Press, 1981).
Murphy-O’Connor, J., The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 (5th edn, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
Pixner, B., Paths of the Messiah and Sites of the Early Church from Galilee to Jerusalem: Jesus and Jewish Christianity in Light of Archaeological Discoveries (ed. R. Riesner; San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press, 2010).
Reed, J., Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2000).
Runesson, A., Binder, D. D. and Olsson, B., The Ancient Synagogue from its Origins to 20 °CE: A Source Book (Leiden: Brill, 2010).
Shanks, H. (ed.), Where Christianity Was Born (Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society, 2006).
Sheler, Jeffrey L., Is the Bible True? How Modern Debates and Discoveries Affirm the Essence of the Scriptures (San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 1999).
Wachsmann, S., The Sea of Galilee Boat: A 2000-Year-Old Discovery from the Sea of Legends (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2000).
Waxman, S., Loot: The Battle over the Stolen Treasures of the World (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2008).
Журналы
American Journal of Archaeology
Ancient Near Eastern Studies
Archaeology
Archaeology in the Biblical World
Biblical Archaeologist
Biblical Archaeology Review
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
Israel Exploration Journal
Journal of Archaeological Science
Journal of Field Archaeology
Journal of Marine Archaeology and Technology
Journal of Maritime Archaeology
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
Near Eastern Archaeology
Oxford Journal of Archaeology
Palestine Exploration Quarterly
Справочные издания
Fagan, B.M. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (Oxford and London: Oxford University Press, 1996).
Hicks, D. and Beaudry, M. C. (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Historical Archaeology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Meyers, E. M. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (5 vols, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
Negev, A. and Gibson, S. (eds), Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land (rev. edn, New York: Continuum, 2001).
Stern, E. (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (4 vols, Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society, 1993).
Stern, E. (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land 5: Supplementary Volume (Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society, 2008).
[1]Здесь и далее Новый Завет цитируется в переводе епископа Кассиана (Безобразова), Ветхий Завет – в Синодальном переводе. – Прим. пер.