By functional relationship

– client-server

– multitier architecture

– Peer-to-peer

By network topology

– bus network

– star network

– ring network

– grid network

– toroidal networks and hypercubes

– tree and hypertree networks

By specialized function

– Storage area networks

– Server farms

– Process control networks

– Value added network

– SOHO network

– Wireless community network

We're going to talk about three classifications. The first is based on host roles, second on geographic proximity and the third on signaling methods used.

Peer-to-Peer

The first type of network that we will consider is called peer-to-peer. In a peer-to-peer network, network hosts don't have a specific role. They provide network services and they also consume network services. In In a peer-to-peer network we can have hosts that will fulfill a variety of different roles. For example, one computer can have a printer connected to it which is shared on the network. Another computer can have a large hard drive installed and everyone is allowed to put files on that hard drive. So, in this situation we have hosts that both provide and consume network services. In essence, they function both as a client and as a server at the same time. The main benefit of peer-to-peer network is the ease of installation. All we have to do is share our resources on the network. It's also very inexpensive. Of course, there's some drawbacks to a peer-to-peer network. First of all, a peer-to-peer network is not very scalable which means that the bigger it gets, the harder it is to manage it. That's because they lack centralized control.

Client - Server

Another classification within the host roles category is a client server network. In a client server network, unlike a peer-to-peer network, network hosts have specific roles assigned to them. We have certain systems, certain hosts that are assigned to be servers. A server provides network resources. On a client server network we also have clients. A client does not provide network services, it only consumes network services. Clients will not have have, for instance, shared storage or printers. All those services are provided by the server. Server provides the resources, the client simply use the resources. With a peer-to-peer network everybody had the same operating system, but in a client server network client workstations have generic operating systems that provide functionality. For example, clients could have Windows XP or Windows 2000 installed. Servers would have some special optimized operating system like Server 2003. These operating systems are designed to provide these network resources and are not designed for client type tasks. The main benefit of this type of network is that it's very highly scalable. That means it's very easy to expand the size of the network, it's very easy to add more clients and it's very easy to add more servers. Client server networks are also much easier to support. That's because services are centralized. If we know where are all the services, we know where to look when we have some problems with them. Backup is also a lot easier. We can configure that users store their data on the server. That way,

instead of having to back up individual workstations we only need to backup one location - the server. There are some drawbacks. Operating systems for servers are fairly expensive (the exception, of course, is Linux). The other thing is that this type of network takes a lot of planning. We have to decide which servers are going to host which services, where they're going to be placed on the network, etcetera.

LAN

Now, the first kind of network based on geography is the Local Area Network or LAN. Local area network resides within a small geographic area. An example of a local area network would be the network inside a particular company or the network at our home. It can have, for example, multiple floors but they would all be connected by a network medium in some way. It could also be multiple buildings and they could be interconnected in some way. We could have several buildings, like a campus for example. It's still a local area network because the geography separating the host is relatively small. This is called an internetwork, but it is still a local area network.

WAN

It's also possible to have a computer network where the networks and the hosts are very widely distributed geographically. In that case we are talking about a Wide Area Network or WAN. A wide area network is a group of interconnected LANs, Local Area Networks, that are separated geographically. For example, a company can have offices at different cities. Sometimes, user from one city needs to access some data that is located on a server in another city. To make that possible we've connected them in some way so that these local area networks are inter-networked together, making a very large internetwork, or a wide area network.

ІІ. Передивіться текст ще раз і складіть до нього 10 питань різних типів.

ІІІ. Знайдіть у тексті англійські еквіваленти іменників. Укажіть дієслова того ж кореня, заповнивши табличку:

Питання для самоконтролю:

1. What does the term “Computer network” wean?

2. Does a global computer network embrace hundreds of users all over the world?

3. What Computer network classification do you know?

Рекомендована література:

1. IBM PC для пользователя. – Краткий курс. – М.: ИНФА. – 1999

2. Гальперин И.Р., Медникова Э.М. Большой англо-русский политехнический словарь. – Москва: Русский язык, 1987.

3. Лоскутова Г.В. О компьютере по-английски. – Санкт-Питербург: КАРО. – 2004

4. Федоршин О.П., Євстіфєєв П.Ф., Рябушенко Т.Л.Англійська мова. Практикум з науково-технічного перекладу, – Тернопіль Навчальна книга – Богдан, 2002 – 52с.

5. Чебурашкин Н.Д. Хрестоматия по техническому переводу. – Москва: Просвещение, 1987.

Дидактичне забезпечення:текст, словник.

САМОСТІЙНА РОБОТА №14

Тема: Технічний переклад та переказ тексту за фахом: «Міська комп’ютерна мережа»

Завдання до самостійної роботи:

I. Скласти словник незнайомих слів з тексту (не менше 10 слів).

Наприклад:

II. Вивчити слова на пам'ять

III. Усно перекласти текст українською мовою. Перекласти абзаци № 1, 2, 4 тексту письмово українською мовою

IV. Скласти анотацію англійською мовою (письмово)

V. Переказати текст згідно анотації.

«Metropolitan area network»

1. A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet.

2. The IEEE 802-2002 standard describes a MAN as being[1]:“ A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs might also be owned and operated as public utilities. They will often provide means for internetworking of local networks.”

3. Authors Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon (2001) of Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm 10th ed. define a metropolitan area network as:“ A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large computer network that spans a metropolitan area or campus. Its geographic scope falls between a WAN and LAN. MANs provide Internet connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan region, and connect them to wider area networks like the Internet” It can also be used in cable television.

Implementation

4. Some technologies used for this purpose are Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), FDDI, and SMDS. These technologies are in the process of being displaced by Ethernet-based connections (e.g., Metro Ethernet) in most areas. MAN links between local area networks have been built without cables using either microwave, radio, or infra-red laser links. Most companies rent or lease circuits from common carriers because laying long stretches of cable can be expensive.

5. DQDB, Distributed-queue dual-bus, is the metropolitan area network standard for data communication. It is specified in the IEEE 802.6 standard. Using DQDB, networks can be up to 20 miles (30 km) long and operate at speeds of 34 to 155 Mbit/s.

6. Several notable networks started as MANs, such as the Internet peering points MAE-West, MAE-East, and the Sohonet media

Питання для самоконтролю:

1. What is MAN?

2. What technologies are used for MAN?

Рекомендована література:

6. IBM PC для пользователя. – Краткий курс. – М.: ИНФА. – 1999

7. Гальперин И.Р., Медникова Э.М. Большой англо-русский политехнический словарь. – Москва: Русский язык, 1987.

8. Лоскутова Г.В. О компьютере по-английски. – Санкт-Питербург: КАРО. – 2004

9. Федоршин О.П., Євстіфєєв П.Ф., Рябушенко Т.Л.Англійська мова. Практикум з науково-технічного перекладу, – Тернопіль Навчальна книга – Богдан, 2002 – 52с.

10. Чебурашкин Н.Д. Хрестоматия по техническому переводу. – Москва: Просвещение, 1987.

Дидактичне забезпечення:текст, словники.

САМОСТІЙНА РОБОТА №15

Тема:Технічний переклад та переказ тексту за фахом: “ Security and safety standard ”

Завдання до самостійної роботи:

1. Скласти словник незнайомих слів з тексту (не менше 10).

Наприклад:

2. Вивчити слова на пам'ять

3. Перекласти текст усно українською мовою.

Перекласти “9 Steps to Protecting Your Computer from Viruses and Other Malware” письмово українською мовою

4. Скласти анотацію англійською мовою (письмово)

5. Переказати текст згідно анотації.

“Security and safety standard”

9 Steps to Protecting Your Computer from Viruses and Other Malware

Achieving good computer security can seem like a daunting task. Fortunately, following the few simple steps outlined below can provide a good measure of security in very little time.

1) Use antivirus software and keep it up-to-date. You should check for new definition updates daily. Most antivirus software can be configured to do this automatically.

2) Install security patches. Vulnerabilities in software are constantly being discovered and they don't discriminate by vendor or platform. It's not simply a matter of updating Windows; at least monthly, check for and apply updates for all software you use.

3) Use a firewall. No Internet connection is safe without one. Firewalls are necessary even if you have a dial-up Internet connection -- it takes only minutes for a a non-firewalled computer to be infected.

4) Secure your browser. Many labor under the dangerous misconception that only Internet Explorer is a problem. It's not the browser you need to be concerned about. Nor is it a matter of simply avoiding certain 'types' of sites. Known, legitimate websites are frequently being compromised and implanted with malicious 11-20207.php" class="back_link">⇐ Назад