WHAT DETERMINES THE UANTITY OF INDIVIDUAL SUPPLIES?
Imagine that you are running Student Sweets, a company that produces and sells ice cream. What determines the quality of ice cream you are willing to produce and offer for sale? Here are some possible answers.
The price of ice cream is one determinant of the quantity supplied. When the price of ice cream is high, selling ice cream is profitable, and so the quantity supplied is large. As a seller of ice cream, you work long hours, buy many ice cream machines, and hire many workers. By contrast, when the price of ice cream is low, your business is less profitable, and so you will produce less ice cream. At an even lower price, you may choose to go out business altogether, and your quantity supplied falls to zero.
Because the quantity supplied rises as the price rises and the price falls, we say that he quantity supplied is positively related to the price of the good. This relationship between price and quantity supplied is called the law of supply: Other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good also rises.
To produce its output of ice cream, Student Sweet uses various input: cream, sugar, flavoring, ice-cream machines, the buildings in which the ice cream is made, and the labor of workers to mix the ingredients and operate the machines. When the price of one or more of these inputs rises, producing ice cream is less profitable, and your firm supplies less ice cream. If input prices rise substantially, you might shut down your firm and supply no ice cream at all. Thus, the supply of a good is negatively related to the price of the input uses to make the good.
Ex. I. Translate the sentences:
1. To solve market problems specialists coordinate their work.
2. To produce the ice cream we use various ingredients.
3. To get a good mark, you must work hard.
Ex. II. Find the equivalents:
1. to hire workers
2. business is less profitable
3. lower price
4. selling is profitable
5. to mix the ingredients
6. to operate the machines
a) управлять техникой
b) смешивать ингредиенты
c) продажа прибыльна
d) ниже цена
e) дело менее прибыльно
f) нанимать рабочих
Ex.III. Translate English proverbs and sayings:
1. A penny saved is a penny gained.
2. Don't put all your eggs in one basket.
3. Penny - wise and pound - foolish.
4. It takes more brains to make out the income tax return than it does to make the income.
5. A light purse is a heavy curse.
Ex. IV. Translate the text in written form, and title the text.
If you check the labels on the clothes you are now wearing, you will probably find that some of your clothes were made in another country. A century ago, textiles and clothing in Australia were mostly produced locally, but that is no longer the case. Faced with foreign competitors that could produce quality goods at low cost, many Australian firms found it increasingly difficult to produce and sell textiles and clothing at a profit. As a result, they laid off their workers and shut down their factories. Today, much of the textiles and clothing that Australians consume are imported from abroad.
The story of the textiles industry raises important questions for economic policy. How does international trade affect economic wellbeing? Who gains and who loses from free trade among countries, and how do the gains compare with the losses?
The problems to be discussed:
1. Market competition is perfect.
2. Free trade among countries.
3. The main role of management.
4. Integrity is the absolute requirement of a manager [see for additional material in unit VI].
UNIT V. ECOLOGY.
| Key words: environment, receiving environment, harm, fossil fuels, greenhouse gases, to pollute, pollution, polluting effects, byproduct, carbon dioxide, to demand, demands, to meet demands, to deliver, solar cells, source, renewable sources, non-renewable sources, replenish, extraction, burning, nuclear fuels, fusion reaction, long-lasting damage, contamination, adverse side effect, treatment, water and wastewater treatment, discharge, to supply, supplies, water supplies, threshold concentrations , requirements, ozone, ozone depletion, ozone thinning, ecology house, to tolerate materials, non-toxic building, riches, to consume, consumption, to contribute, energy, solar energy, wind energy. |
Part I
Ex.1. Translate the following international words and word combinations.
Natural, nature serves, harmony, to be limited, civilization, modern world, to be immune, laws of thermodynamics, originally, major problem, alternative energy sources, to conserve energy, to reflect energy, reserves, natural gas, to face the problem, efficiently.
Ex.2. Translate the following paying attention to the prefixes.
Reread, replace, renew, recycle, remove, rethink, replenish, resolve.
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Since ancient times Nature gas served Man being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase. The modern world demands vast amounts of energy not only to provide warmth and light, but also to power machinery and to sustain agriculture. However the mounting use of energy is already harming the environment.
For over 200 years coal, oil and nature gas provided us with cheap and convenient energy. But there has been a cost. No city immune from the polluting effects of fossil fuels and they contribute vast quantities of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, since the principal by- product of fossil fuels burning is carbon dioxide. Moreover, the supplies of coal, oil and gas are well known to be limited. The world’s entire oil reserves are thought to be gone within 30 years. Even coal will last only 170 years. Very soon there will be not enough fossil fuels to meet demands.
Our life is impossible without energy. But where does energy come from? Nearly all our energy comes from the Sun originally. The Sun delivers over 99% of the energy, reaching the Earth’s surface. The amount of energy the Sun delivers each year is huge-equal to 170 million big power station. But very little can be used. About 30% is reflected straight back into space. Nearly all the rest either warms the air and leaks back into space (47%) or is powering the water cycle (23%). Barely (0.06%) is used by plants for photosynthesis.
We use very little of the Sun’s energy directly. Solar cells give less than 0,01% of the world’s energy. Most come from fossil fuels -coal, oil and natural gas. They take many million years to replace, so they are called non-renewable. Under 5% of our energy comes from sources like running water and wind. They are called renewable because they are replenished fairly quickly. But even with renewable sources some energy is lost forever every time it is used according to the laws of thermodynamics.
The world now uses up 100 times as much energy as it did in 1960, and consumption is still rising. What’s more, the industrialized world, including the USA and Europe uses energy up at a much higher rate than other places. And it is likely that as Third World countries begin to develop their industries, they will demand their fair share of energy too.
Many people feel that the use of too much energy is the major problem facing the world. Some think the answer lies in alternative energy sources; others think that we must rethink the way we use energy altogether. To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it’s up to us to create new sources of energy. The future is ours but we need energy to get there.
Ex.1. Find the equivalents
environment ископаемые топлив
byproduct наносить вред
fossil fuels потребности
solar cells возобновляемые источники
renewable sources пополнять
replenish загрязняющее воздействие
demands солнечные батареи
to harm окружающая среда
polluting effects снабжать
to deliver побочный продукт
Ex.2. Join suitable parts and give your reasons.
1. No city is immune from the polluting effect. . .
a) . . . since the natural riches are limited.
b) . . . since the modern world demands vast amount of energy.
c) . . . since the principal byproduct of fossil fuels burning is carbon dioxide.
2. Fossil fuels are called non-renewable . . .
a) . . . because they are replenished very quickly.
b) . . . because they take millions years to replace.
c) . . . because they are expected to be limited.
3. The major problem facing the world is. . .
a) . . . that the amount of energy delivered by the Sun is huge.
b) . . . that about 30% of the Sun’s energy is reflected back into space.
c) . . . that we use too much energy.
Ex.3. Translate the following.
World, world demands, world demands growth; gas, gas supplies, gas supplies decrease; power, power station, power station construction; energy consumption regulation; energy sources, energy sources investigation; greenhouse, greenhouse gases, greenhouse gases contribution; world oil reserves evaluation.
Ex.4. Translate the following paying attention to to-forms.
1. We need energy to provide warmth and light, to power machinery and to sustain agriculture.
2. Spaceships use solar cells to convert light from the Sun directly into electric power.
3. The supplies of oil and gas were known to be limited.
4. The entire world oil reserves are thought to be gone in 30 years.
5. The atmosphere of Mars is dense enough to support clouds.
6. Isaac Newton is said to have discovered lows of gravity.
7 To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future we must use it wisely.
Ex.5. Translate the following text into Russian in written form.
Energy conserving strategies will remain the primary and central way in which people resolve supply or distribution constraints: Physically, the watt not used is always by definition the safest to rely on, the easiest to supply and the cheapest to consume and it always will be. The laws of thermodynamics forbid any more effective strategy than conservation from working better. All nature’s diverse life forms have bodies that reflect energy conservation as one, if not the primary constraint. In energy terms, all bodies are at maximum entropy at their surface where they shed the excess heat they generate as a function of being alive.
The concepts of energy and its transformations are useful in explaining natural processes on larger scales. Meteorological phenomena like wind, rain, lightning and tornadoes all result from energy transformations brought about by solar energy transformations; organic chemical bonds are constantly broken and made to make the exchange and transformations of energy possible.
Additional Text A