Ex. 2. Translate the following sentences using the verbs in Present Perfect Continuous.
1. Я продивляюсь статті з шостої ранку. 2. Він грає в футбол з дитинства. 3. Вона розмовляє по телефону вже майже годину. 4. Скільки ви вивчаєте англійську мову? — Я вивчаю цю мову вже три роки. 5. Вони вже півтори години обговорюють це питання. 6. Діти гуляють вже чотири години? 7. Він думає про неї впродовж дня. 8. Скільки вона чекає автобус? — Вона чекає його вже чверть години. 9. Ми обговорюємо план роботи з п'ятої години. 10. З якого часу ви працюєте в бібліотеці? — Я працюю тут з ранку. 11. Хлопці сперечаються вже двадцять хвилин. 12. Скільки діти граються на вулиці? — Вони граються здесятої ранку. 13. Сьогодні з ранку іде дощ. 14. Він живе в Лондоні вже 10 років. 15. Хто з ваших колег працює на заводі з 1970?
Ex. 3. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.
1. She (to be) ill since last week. 2. He (to know) me since childhood. 3. I (to try) to understand you for half an hour. 4. He (to be) in Kyiv for three years. 5. She (to look) for her key since she came home. 6. They (to be) here since two o'clock. 7. My sister (to sleep) for ten hours. 8. We (to be) married since 1977. 9. How long Mary and Ann (to know) each other? 10. We (not to see) them for three months. 11. His car is very old. He (to have) it for many years. 12. It (to snow) for four hours.
Ex. 4. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.
1. Her children (to be) in the yard. They (to play) football now. They (to play) it since ten o'clock. 2. She (to speak) English well. She (to study) it for five years. Listen! She (to speak) English to her teacher. 3. His son just (to return) home. He (to be) dirty. He (to play) volley-ball. 4. Where David (to be)? — He (to be) in the library. He (to work) there at the moment. — How long he (to be) there? — He (to work) for three hours. 5. Why she (to look) tired? — She (to work) all night. 6. Since when they (to wait) for us? — They (to wait) for half an hour. We (to be) late. 7. My sister (to drive) a car. She (to learn) to drive for two months. 8. Beth (to be) busy this morning, hasn't she? — Yes. She already (to write) some letters and (to interview) four people. 9. Julia already (to return) home. She always (to come) home at this time. She (to do) her lessons. She (to do) them since three o'clock. 10. My baby (to sleep) at the moment. My baby (to sleep) for two hours. 11. Peter (to write) letters now. He (to write) since seven o'clock. He (not to finish) writing yet. 12. What they (to do) now? — They (to discuss) a very important problem. They (to discuss) it for two hours; but they (not to reach) the agreement yet. 13. I never (to suppose) that he can cook. He (to be) in the kitchen now. He (to cook) for an hour and he already (to prepare) some tasty dishes. 14. The weather (to be) fine today. There (to be) no clouds in the sky, the warm wind (to blow). The sun (to shine) since early morning.
Робота над текстом за профілем спрямування:
Ex. 1. Make up the annotation to the text you have read.
Ex. 2. Compose the mini-vocabulary of the text.
The Knighthood
A knight was a "gentleman soldier" or member of the warrior class of the Middle Ages in Europe. The word knight, from Old English cniht ("boy" or "servant"), is a cognate of the German word Knecht ("labourer" or "servant").
The code of chivalry dealt with three main areas: the military, social life, and religion. The military side of life was very important to knighthood. Commonly around the age of 20, knights would be admitted to their rank in a ceremony called either "dubbing" or the "Accolade". Only the sons of a knight were eligible for the ranks of knighthood. Knights trained in hunting, fighting, and riding. They were also trained to practise courteous, honorable behaviour, which was considered extremely important. Chivalry (derived from the French word chevalier implying "skills to handle a horse") was the main principle guiding a knight’s life style. One of the greatest signs of chivalry was the flying of coloured banners, to display power and to distinguish knights in battle and in tournaments. In combat when nobles and knights were taken prisoner, their lives were spared and were often held for ransom in somewhat comfortable surroundings. They were expected to obey the code of chivalry at all times, and no failure was accepted.
Although these strong young men had proved their eligibility, their social status would be permanently controlled. The early Crusades helped to clarify the moral code of chivalry as it related to religion. As a result, Christian armies began to devote their efforts to sacred purposes. As time passed, clergy instituted religious vows which required knights to use their weapons chiefly for the protection of the weak and defenseless, especially women and orphans, and of churches. The Code of Chivalry continued to influence social behaviour long after the actual knighthood ceased to exist, influencing for example 19th century Victorian perceptions of how a "gentleman" ought to behave.
Практичне заняття №3