Morphemic Repetition. Extension of Morphemic Valency
The basic unit of this level being a morpheme we shall concentrate on examining the ways of foregrounding a morpheme so that the latter, apart from its inherent meaning, becomes vehicle of additional information-logical, emotive, expressive.
One important way of promoting a morpheme is its repeti-tion. Both root and affixational morphemes can be emphasized through repetition. Especially vividly it is observed in the repetition of affixational morphemes which normally carry the main weight of the structural and not of the denotational significance. When repeated they come into the focus of attention and stress either their logical meaning (e.g. that of contrast, negation, absence of a quality as in such prefixes like a-, -anti-, mis-;or of smallness as in suffixes -lingand -ette);their emotive and evaluative meaning, as in suffixes forming degrees of comparison; or else they add to the rhythmical effect and text unity.
The second, even more effective way of using a morpheme for the creation of additional information is extension of its normative valency which results in the formation of new words. They are not neologisms in the true sense for they are
created for special communicative situations only, and are not used beyond these occasions. This is why they are called occasional words and are characterized by freshness, originality, lucidity of their inner form and morphemic structure.
Very often occasional words are the result of morphemic repetition. Cf.: "I am an undersecretary in an underbureau." The stress on the insignificance of the occupation of I. Shaw's heroine brings forth both - the repetition of the prefix under-and the appearance, due to it, of the occasional word 'Hinder-bureau".
In case of repetition a morpheme gains much independence and bears major responsibility for the creation of additional information and stylistic effect. In case of occasional coinages an individual morpheme is only instrumental in bringing forth the impact of their combination, i. e. of new individual lexical unit.
Assignments for Self-Control
1. What are the main cases of morphemic foregrounding?
2. What are the functions of morphemic repetition?
3. How are morphemes foregrounded in occasional words?
4. What is the difference between occasional words and
neologisms?
EXERCISES
I. State the function of the following cases of morphemic repetition:
1. She unchained, unbolted and unlocked the door. (A. B.)
2. It was there again, more clearly than before: the
terrible expression of pain in her eyes; unblinking, unaccepting,
unbelieving pain. (D. U.)
3. We were sitting in the cheapest of all the cheap res-
taurants that cheapen that very cheap and noisy street, the
Rue des Petits Champs in Paris. (H.)
4. Young Blight made a great show of fetching from his
desk a long thin manuscript volume with a brown paper cover,
and running his finger down the day's appointments, murmuring:
Mr. Aggs, Mr. Baggs, Mr. Caggs, Mr. Daggs, Mr. Faggs, Mr. Gaggs, Mr. Boffin, Yes, sir, quite right. You are a little before your time, sir." (D.)
5. Young Blight made another great show of changing the
volume, taking up a pen, sucking it, dipping it, and running
over previous entries before he wrote. As, "Mr. Alley, Mr.
Bailey, Mr. Calley, Mr. Dalley, Mr. Falley, Mr. Galley,
Mr. Halley, Mr. Lalley, Mr. Malley. And Mr. Boffin." (D.)
6. New scum, of course, has risen to take the place of
the old, but the oldest scum, the thickest scum, and the scummi-
est scum has come from across the ocean. (H.)
7. At the time light rain or storm darked the fortress
I watched the coming of dark from the high tower. The fortress
with its rocky view showed its temporary darkling life of lan-
terns. (Jn. H.)
8. Laughing, crying, cheering, chaffing, singing, David
Rossi's people brought him home in triumph. (H. C.)
9. In a sudden burst of slipping, climbing, jingling, clinking
and talking, they arrived at the convent door. (D.)
10. The procession then re-formed; the chairmen resumed
their stations, and the march was re-commenced. (D.)
11. The precious twins - untried, unnoticed, undirected -
and I say it quiet with my hands down-undiscovered. (S.)
12. We are overbrave and overfearful, overfriendly and
at the same time frightened of strangers, we're oversentimental
and realistic. (P. St.)
13. There was then a calling over of names, and great work
of singing, sealing, stamping, inking, and sanding, with
exceedingly blurred, gritty and undecipherable results. (D.)
14. The Major and the two Sportsmen form a silent group
as Henderson, on the floor, goes through a protracted death
agony, moaning and gasping, shrieking, muttering, shivering,
babbling, reaching upward toward nothing once or twice for help,
turning, writhing, struggling, giving up at last, sinking flat,
and finally, after a waning gasp lying absolutely still. (Js. H.)
15. She was a lone spectator, but never a lonely one, be-
cause the warmth of company was unnecessary to her. (P. Ch.)
16. "Gentlemen, I put it to you that this band is a swin-
dle. This band is an abandoned band. It cannot play a good
godly tune, gentlemen." (W. D.)
17. He wished she would not look at him in this new way.
For things were changing, something was changing now, this
minute, just when he thought they would never change again,
just when he found a way to live in that changelessness. (R. W.)
18. Three million years ago something had passed this
way, had left this unknown and perhaps unknowable symbol of
its purpose, and had returned to the planets - or to the stars.
(A. C.)
19. "Sit down, you dancing, prancing, shambling, scram-
bling fool parrot! Sit down!" (D.)
II. Analyze the morphemic structure and the purpose of creating the occasional words in the following examples:
1. The girls could not take off their panama hats because
this was not far from the school gates and hatlessness was an
offence. (M. Sp.)
2. David, in his new grown-upness, had already a sort of
authority. (I. M.)
3. That fact had all the unbelievableness of the sudden
wound. (R. W.)
4. Suddenly he felt a horror of her otherness. (J. B.)
5. Lucy wasn't Willie's luck. Or his unluck either. (R. W.)
6. She was waiting for something to happen or for everything
to un-happen. (Т. Н.)
7. He didn't seem to think that that was very funny.
But he didn't seem to think it was especially unfunny. (R. W.)
8. "You asked him."
"I'm un-asking him," the Boss replied. (R. W.)
9. He looked pretty good for a fifty-four-year-old former
college athlete who for years had overindulged and un-
derexercized. (D. U.)
10. She was a young and unbeautiful woman. (I. Sh.)
11. The descriptions were of two unextraordinary boys:
three and a half and six years old. (D. U.)
12. The girl began to intuit what was required of her.
(Jn. H.)
13. "Mr. Hamilton, you haven't any children, have you?"
"Well, no. And I'm sorry about that, I guess. I am sorriest
about that." (J. St.)
14. "To think that I should have lived to be good-morn-
inged by Belladonna Took's son!" (A. T.)
15. There were ladies too, en cheveux, in caps and bonnets,
some of whom knew Trilby, and thee'd and thou'd with familiar
and friendly affection, while others mademoiselle'd her with
distant politeness and were mademoiselle's and madame'd back
again. (D. du M.)
16. Parritt turns startledly. (O'N.)
17. The chairs are very close together - so close that the advisee almost touches knees with the adviser. (Jn. B.)
III. Discuss the following cases of morphemic foregrounding:
1. The District Attorney's office was not only panelled,
draped and carpeted, it was also chandeliered with a huge brass
affair hanging from the center of the ceiling. (D. U.)
2. He's no public offender, bless you, now! He's medalled
and ribboned, and starred, and crossed, and I don't know what all'd, like a born nobleman. (D.)
3. I gave myself the once-over in the bathroom mirror:
freshly shaved, clean-shirted, dark-suited and neck-tied. (D. U.)
4. Well, a kept woman is somebody who is perfumed, and
clothed, and wined, and dined, and sometimes romanced heavi-
ly. (Jn. C.)
5. It's the knowledge of the unendingness and of the rep-
etitious uselessness that makes Fatigue fatigue. (J.)
6. The loneliness would suddenly overcome you like
lostness and too-lateness, and a grief you had no name for.
(R. W.)
7. I came here determined not be angry, or weepy, or
preachy. (U.)
8. Militant feminists grumble that history is exactly what
it says-His-story-and not Her story at all. (D. B.)
9. This dree to-ing and fro-ing persisted throughout the night
and the next day. (D. B.)
10. "I love you mucher."
"Plently mucher? Me tooer." (J. Br.)
11. "I'm going to build me the God-damnedest, biggest,
chromium-platedest, formaldehyde-stinkingest free hospital and
health center." (R. W.)
12. So: I'm not just talented. I'm geniused. (Sh. D.)
13. Chickens - the tiny balls of fluff passed on into semi-
naked pullethood and from that into dead henhood. (Sh. A.)
14. I'll disown you, I'll disinherit you, I'll unget you.
(R. Sh.)
15. "Ready?" said the old gentleman, inquiringly, when
his guests had been washed, mended, brushed, and brandied. (D.)
CHAPTER II. LEXICAL LEVEL