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Cinemas in London

London is full of cinemas and cinema clubs, some of them showing a large number of continental films. Cinema-going is a regular habit for a considerable number of people in London; the number of cinema-goers is much larger than that of theatre-goers. Unfortunately, the cinema in Britain is looked upon as rather an entertainment than «the arts». As a result, comparatively few films of international standard of quality are shot in Britain, and if they are, they are often a commercial failure.

If you want to know which films are on, there are many publications to help you. Any daily newspaper will have a short list of films and shows; some newspapers on sale in the middle of the day give the full list of films supplied with the hour when they begin.

Some cinemas show films in the afternoon, early evening and late evening; others have continuous programmes from about two o'clock in the afternoon till late at night.

In case you want to watch a film which is a hit of the season, with a popular actor or actress starring, and can't get to the cinema early enough to get tickets, you can buy them in advance in most large stores and hotels.

CONTROL WORK 1

Variant 5

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Castles and Gardens

The Scots are great gardeners and you will find their gardens full of colour throughout the year, usually at their most beautiful when situated in the grounds of a magnificent castle.

Stirling Castle, like Edinburgh, is perched on a crag above the town. Up the east coast, in the regions of Dundee and Perth, Scone Palace has links with the earliest history of Scottish royalty, and it contents incorporate splendid French furniture. Almost as historic Glamis Castle, 15th сеntury at its core, Blair Castle too, has played an important part in Scottish history and even today the Duke at Atholl has his own army –the only private one in Britain.

St. Andrews has a castle, now in ruins, which was the Bishop’s palace as well as a fortress. Kinburn Park contains a scented garden planted especially for the blind. In the Aberdeen area, Craigievar Castle is a six-storeyed tower house, its skyline full of detail and typical of the original ‘baronial’ style.

 

 

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК

НОРМАТИВНЫЕ ПРЕДМЕТНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА

 

Appendix1

THE PRONOUN

МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ

ЛИЧНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ (кто) (кого, кому, кем, о ком) Who ? Whom? ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ (ЧЕЙ) Whose?
ИМЕНИТ. ПАДЕЖ КОСВЕН. ПАДЕЖИ  
I me my
You you your
He him his
She her her
It it its
We us our
You you your
They them their

 

Appendix 2

THE VERB TO BE in Present Simple

+ - ?
I am a student. I am not a student. Am I a student?
You are a student. You are not a student. Are you a student?
He is a student. He is not a student. Is he a student?
It is a student. It is not a student. Is ita student?
She is a student. She is not a student. Is she a student?
We are students. We are not students. Are we students?
You are students. You are not students. Are you students?
They are students. They are not students. Are they students?
THE VERB TO BE in Past Simple
+ - ?
I was a lovely child. I was not a naughty child. Was I a lovely child?
He was a lovely child. He was not a naughty child. Was he a lovely child?
She was a lovely child. She was not a naughty child. Was she a lovely child?
It was a lovely day. It was not a gloomy day. Was it a lovely day?
We were lovely children. We were not naughty kids. Were we lovely children?
You were lovely children. You were not naughty kids Were you lovely children?
They were lovely children. They were not naughty kids. Were they lovely children?
         

THE VERB TO BE in Future Simple

+ - ?
I will be all right. I will not be bad. Will I be all right?
You will be all right. You will not be bad. Will you beall right?
He will be all right. He will not be bad. Will he be all right?
She will be all right. She will not be bad. Will she be all right?
It will be all right. It will not be bad. Will it be all right?
We will be all right. We will not be bad. Will we be all right?
You will be all right. You will not be bad. Will you be all right?
They will be all right. They will not be bad. Will they be all right?

Сводная таблица изменений видовременных форм глагола в действительном залоге Appendix3

  S I M P L E PRESENT PAST FUTURE  
Always, usually, sometimes, often, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year), twice Yesterday, last week (month, year, summer) …ago, When?   Tomorrow, next week (year, Sunday), in a week, soon  
  I V1 You play We write They     V2 played – прав. гл. wrote – не прав. гл.     will+V1 will play will write  
 
 
 
He plays She writes It  
 
 
I You play We do not write They (don’t)_____________________ He does not play She (doesn’t) write It   did not+V1   did not play (didn’t) write   will not+V1   will not play (won’t) write  
I Do you play …? we write…? they_______________________ he Does she play…? It write…?   Did+подлежащее+V1…?   Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it play? Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it write?   Will +подлежащее+V1…?   Will I/ you/we/they/he/she/it play? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it write?  
    C O N T I N U O U S Now; at this moment; Look! Yesterday at 5 o’clock; when you came Tomorrow at this time; when you come  
To be+ V4 I am You playing We are writing They____________ He She is It was / were +V4 You We were They________________ playing I He was writing She   will be+V4 will be playing will be writing  
To be not + V4 I am You not playing We are writing They____________ He She is It was / were +not + V4   You We were They______________not playing I He was writing She   will be+ not + V4 will not be playing will not be writing
Am I you Are we they playing? he writing? Is she it I Was he She it playing? you writing? Were we they Will +подлежащее+ be+V4…? I you he Will she be playing? it writing? we they  

 

 

  P E R F E C T     PRESENT PAST FUTURE  
Just; already; yet; before, lately, so far; never; ever; since Before he came; by 5 o’clock yesterday Before you come; by 5 o’clock tomorrow  
  have / has + V3 I V1 You have played We written They     had + V3   had played had written   will have+V3 will have played will have written  
 
 
 
  He played She has written It  
 
 
I You played We have not written They _(haven’t)____________________ He has not played She (hasn’t) written It   had not + V3 had not played had not written   will not have+V3 will not have played (won’t) have written  
I Have you played …? we written…? they_______________________ he Has she played…? it written…?   Had + подлежащее + V3? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they played? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they written?     Will + подлежащее +have +V3…? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it play? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it write?  
  P E R F E C T     C O N T I N U O U S For 3 hours already; since morning; since he came; How long…? Since when…? Since the time when; before he came for 3 hours;   For 3 hours before you come  
Have / has been+ V4 I You We have been They____________ playing He writing She has been It   Had been+V4   had been playing had been writing     will have been +V4 will have been playing will have been writing  
Have / has not + V4 I You We have not been They____________ playing He writing She has not been It   had+ not + been +V4 had not been playing had not been writing   Will not have been +V4 will not have been playing will not have been writing
I you Have we been they playing? he writing? Has she been it   Had + подлежащее + been +V4? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been playing? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been writing?   Will+подлежащее+have+been+V4? I you he Will she have been playing? it writing? we they  

Appendix 4

 

Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов в страдательном залоге

 

 

  PRESENT PAST FUTURE
S I M P L E I am He/she/it is + V3 We/you/they are     I/he/she/it was + V3 we/you/they were   will be + V3  
C O N T I N U O U S       am is being + V3 are         was being + V3 were   Не используется
P E R F E C T We/you/they have been + V3 He/she/it has   had been + V3   will have been +V3

 

 

Appendix 5

 

Типы вопросов
Тип вопроса вопрос ответ
Общие вопросы Do you work? Is she reading? Yes, I do. / No. I don't Yes, she is. / No, she isn't
Специальные вопросы Where do you work? What is she reading?     I work at а plant. She is reading a book.
Who knows this story? He (does).
Разделительные вопросы You work much, don't you? She can't sing, can she? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t Yes, she can. / No, she can't.
Альтернативные вопросы ( have you) Have you a flat or a room? ( does he know) Does he know French or English?   I have a flat.   He knows English.    

 

Appendix 6

THE ADJECTIVE

ИМЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ

The degrees of comparison

Степени сравнения

Краткие прилагательные образуют степени сравнения при помощи суффиксов.

К кратким прилагательным относятся

А) односложные прилагательные: long; large

В) двусложные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на – y; -er; ar;

 

POSITIVE (ПОЛОЖИТЕЛЬНАЯ) COMPARATIVE (СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ) SUPERLATIVE (ПРЕВОСХОДНАЯ)
as… as He is as tall as his father. not so… as She is not so nice as her sister. -er than long-longer large-larger red-redder happy-happier He is taller than his father. the …-est the longest the largest the reddest the happiest He is the tallest in his class.

 

Многосложные прилагательные образуют степени сравнения при помощи вспомогательных слов.

 

POSITIVE (ПОЛОЖИТЕЛЬНАЯ) COMPARATIVE (СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ) SUPERLATIVE (ПРЕВОСХОДНАЯ)
as… as This film version is as interesting as the book. not so… as This dish is not so delicious as that one.     The book is more interesting than the film.   This book is the most interesting I have ever read.

 

EXEPTIONS (ИСКЛЮЧЕНИЯ):

Good – better- the best

Bad- worse – the worst

Many – more – the most

Much – more – the most

Little – less – the least

Old – elder (older) – the eldest (the oldest)

Far – farther (further) – the farthest (the furthest)

Appendix 7

Сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточным времени или условия

В сложноподчиненных предложениях с придаточным времени или условия в английском языке в придаточной части предложения группа будущих времен не употребляется. После следующих союзов и предлогов времени will /would; shall /should не ставится.

If - если

Unless – если не

When - когда

Before – до того как

After – после того как

Till - пока

Until – пока не

As soon as – как только

By the time – к тому времени как

 

1.ИЗЪЯВИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ.

Обе части в данном типе предложения, и главная и придаточная, переводятся на русский язык будущим временем. В английском языке в придаточном предложении употребляется настоящее время.

 

Я поеду за город, если погода будет хорошая

 

Главное предложение Придаточное предложение
Future Simple Present Simple
Will + V1 V1
I will go out of town, if the weather is good.

 

2. СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ 1. Описывает события, которые могли бы произойти сегодня или в будущем.

 

 

Я бы поехала за город завтра, если бы погода была хорошая.

 

Главное предложение Придаточное предложение
Future Simple- in –the - Past Past Simple
Would + V1 V2
I would go out of town tomorrow if the weather were good.

В придаточном предложении этого типа глагол to be имеет форму сослагательного наклонения were для всех лиц.

If I were you, I would go and see the doctor.

I wish I were at home now. – Хорошо бы, если бы я был дома сейчас.

 

2. СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ 2. Описывает события, которые могли бы произойти, но не произошли в прошлом.

 

Я бы поехала за город вчера, если бы погода была хорошая.

 

Главное предложение Придаточное предложение
Future Perfect- in –the – Past Past Perfect
Would + have + V3 Had + V3
I would have gone out of town yesterday if the weather had been good.

 

I wish I had been at home yesterday. – Как жаль, что меня не было дома вчера.

 

Appendix 8

REPORTED SPEECH

КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ

1. ПРОСЬБЫ, КОМАНДЫ И ПРИКАЗЫ передаются в косвенной речи при помощи инфинитива.

+ -

to be – not to be

to go – not to go

слова автора + инфинитив

прямая речь косвенная речь

He said, “Open the door!” He told to open the door.

She said, “Don’t be late!” She told not to be late.

She said, “Close the window, please!” She asked to close the window.

 

2. ПОВЕСТВОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ.

Слова автора + (that) + подлежащее + сказуемое в соответствии с правилом согласования времен

При переводе в косвенную речь следует помнить о «сдвиге времен», т.е. о правиле согласования времен. Времена меняются следующим образом:

 

Present Simple – Past Simple

Present Continuous – Past Continuous

Present Perfect – Past Perfect

Past Simple – Past Perfect

Past Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect – Past Perfect Continuous

Future Tenses – Future Tenses – in-the Past

Am / is - was

Are – were

Has / have - had

Don’t/doesn’t – didn’t

Can – could

Must – must / had to

Will – would

Shall - should

 

 

Меняются также следующие указательные местоимения и обстоятельства времени:

This –that

These – those

Here –there

Today –that day

Now – then, at that moment

Yesterday – the day before, the previous day

Tomorrow – the following day, the next day

Next week – the next week

Last week – the week before, the previous week

…ago - …before

 

прямая речь косвенная речь

He said to Mike, “I like music.” He told Mike that he liked music.

She said to Terry, “Nick went home.” She told Terry that Nick had gone home.

Не забудьте также изменять личные и притяжательные местоимения в соответствии со смыслом.

3. ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ.

Важно соблюдать правильный порядок слов. Вопросительный знак не ставится.

А) Общий вопрос

Слова автора + if (whether) + подлежащее + сказуемое

 

прямая речь косвенная речь

He said, “Do you like music?” He asked if I liked music.

She said to Bill, “Did Paul like music?” She asked Bill if Paul had liked music.

He said to Helen, “Will you go home?” He asked Helen if she would go home.

 

В) Специальный вопрос

Слова автора + вопросительное слово + подлежащее + сказуемое

 

прямая речь косвенная речь

He said to Ann, “Where do you live?” He asked Ann where she lived.

She said to Tom, “What did you do?” She asked Tom what he had done.

 

 

Appendix 9

 

SEQUENCE OF TENSES

СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН

В сложноподчиненном предложении время в придаточной части предложения согласуется с временной формой в главной части предложения. Если в главной части сказуемое стоит в прошедшем времени, то в придаточном предложении может употреблятся тоже одно из прошедших времен.

 

Для обозначения одновременных действий в придаточном предложении употребляется Past Simple или Past Continuous. Глагол в придаточном предложении переводим на русский язык глаголом в настоящем времени.

He knew that she lived in London. – Он знал, что она живет в Лондоне.

She was sure that her son was doing his homework at that time. – Она была уверена, что ее сын делает свою домашнюю работу в то время.

 

Для обозначений действий, предшедствующих действию в главном предложении в придаточном предложении употребляется Past Perfect. Глагол в придаточном предложении переводим на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени.

He said he had seen that film before. – Он сказал, что смотрел этот фильм раньше.

 

Для обозначений действий, которые произойдут в будущем с точки зрения прошедшего времени, в придаточном предложении употребляется Future-in-the-Past. Глагол в придаточном предложении переводим на русский язык глаголом в будущем времени.

He informed us that he would go to Paris soon. – Он сообщил нам, что поедет в Париж вскоре.

 

 

Appendix 10

 

MODAL WORDS

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

 

VERB & ITS MEANING PRESENT PAST FUTURE
Must – долженствование; обязанность (должен, обязан) must had to will have to
Have to – вынужденная необходимость (должен, нужно) has to/have to had to will have to
Be to – договоренность (должен, предстоит) am/is/are to was/were to _____________
Should – совет (следует, нужно) should _____________ _____________
Ought to – совет, моральный долг (следует, должен) ought to _____________ _____________
Can – физическая способность; возможность; разрешение (могу, умею, можно) can could will be able to
Be able to – способность (могу, способен) am/is/are able to was/were able to will be able to
May- разрешение Возможность (можно, может быть) may might ______________
Need- необходимость (Нужно…, нет необходимости) Need…? needn’t _____________ ______________

 

 

 

Appendix 11

COMPLEX OBJECT

Инфинитивный оборот: ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ С ИНФИНИТИВОМ

 

В переводе на русский язык данный оборот образует сложноподчиненное предложение, в котором инфинитив становится сказуемым. Схема данного оборота следующая:

 

Подлежащее + сказуемое + дополнение + Infinitive

 

 

(образуют главное предложение) (образуют придаточное предложение)

 

Сказуемое в таком предожении обычно выражается глаголом, после которого можно поставить союз что или чтобы.

To think - думать

To believe – верить, считать

To expect – ожидать

To suppose – предполагать

To know - знать

To learn - узнать

To find out - выяснить

To consider - считать

To understand - понимать

Дополнение может быть выражено именем существительным или местоимением в объектном падеже.

мe

уou

him

her

it

us

them

 

I thought that he was a good student. – I thought him to be a good student.

He supposed that they would come soon. – He supposed them to come soon.