СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН В ГЛАВНОМ И ПРИДАТОЧНОМ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯХ
В английском сложноподчиненном предложении с придаточным дополнительным (вопрос «что?», «кто?», «чего?» и т. д.) соблюдаются правила согласования временв главном и придаточном предложениях. Эти правила сводятся к следующему:
1. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то глагол-сказуемое придаточного дополнительного предложения может стоять в любой временной форме, требуемой смыслом, например:
Не says you are right. — Он говорит, что ты прав. Не will tell why he was not at school yesterday. — Он скажет, почему он не был вшколе вчера.
2. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени (обычно — в Past Indefinite), то и глагол дополнительного придаточного предложения должен стоять водном из прошедших времен, втом числе — вбудущем с точки зрения прошедшего (Future in the Past).
He said he would not go to school tomorrow. — Онсказал, что не пойдет вшколу завтра.
При этом для обозначения действия, одновременного сдействием, выраженным сказуемым главного
предложения, употребляется Past Continuous (в русском языке — настоящее время) или Past Indefinite.
Не told me he was preparing for his exam.. — Он сказал мне, что готовится к экзамену.
Для обозначения действия, предшествующего действию, выраженному сказуемым главного предложения, обычно употребляется Past Perfect. На русский язык глагол-сказуемое придаточного в данном случае переводится глаголом в прошедшем времени:
/ didn't know he had left for Moscow. — Я не знал, что он уехал в Москву.
При указании определенного времени (in 1980, yesterday) предшествующее время выражается при помощи Past Indefinite. Например: / thought you were born in 1980.
Для выражения будущего времени с точки зрения прошедшего времени употребляется форма Future in the Past где вспомогательный глагол will меняется на would, которая на русский язык переводится будущим временем:
Не told me that he would meet me at the college. — Он сказал мне, что встретит меня в колледже.
Задание 11.1. Составьте предложения, используя слова из колонок.
Не thinks he would go to Moscow tomorrow. He said that he will be an engineer. He says he knows mathematics well.
He thought he would be a good specialist.
he has translated the text.
he had passed his exams.
he knew English well.
Задание 11.2. Поставьте глаголы в нужную временную форму, соблюдая правило согласования времен. Переведите предложения.
1.1 did not know that you already (to read) this book 2. He did it better than we (to expect). 3. He said that the bus (to be) here soon. 4. He told us that he (to do) this work himself 5. They decided that they (to bring) us all the books we need. 6. He said that he (can) not do it without my help. 7. I decided that next year I (to go) to the Black Sea coast. 8. It was decided that we (to begin) our work at eight o'clock. 9.1 told them that I (to leave) for Minsk next day. 10. The boy did not know that he already (to receive) a good mark. 11. The students wanted to know when they (to pass) their examinations. 12. We saw that our teacher just (to go out) and he (to come back) soon. 13. He said we (may) keep the books as long as we (to like). 14. We knew that he not (to be able) to make his work in time and (to decide) to help him. 15. We understood at once that this control work (to be) a difficult one.
Задание 11.3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million.
London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old. It has more than 20 centuries old history. Traditionally it is divided into several parts, the City, Westminster, the West End and the East, End. They are very different from each other.
The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are
concentrated here. Few people live in the City but over a million come to work here. There are two places of interest in the City: St. Paul's Cathedraland the Tower of London. St. Paul's Cathedral was built in the 17th century by the architect Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was built in the 15th century. It was used as a fortress, a palace and a prison.Now it's a museum.
Westminster is the aristocratic official part of London. There are Buckingham Palace where the Queen lives and the Houses of Parliament along the north bank of the Thames.
The clock towerof the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell known as «Big Ben». Westminster Abbey is the place where the coronation of nearly all kings and queens has taken place. Many of them are buried here as well as some other famous people of the country.
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. The best hotels,restaurants, shops, clubs, parks and houses are situated there. There are many tourists there from different countries of the world.
Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London, it was named in the memoryof Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square.
The East End is an industrial district of London. There are many factories there. The region is densely populatedby working class families.
Words
capital— столица
centre— центр
numerous— многочисленный
palace— дворец
fortress— крепость
cathedral— собор
hotel— гостиница
prison— тюрьма - _
clock tower — колокольня
monument — памятник
memory — память
museum— музей
residence — резиденция
official — официальный
densely — плотно
populated — населено
Questions
1. What is the capital of Great Britain?
2. Is London a big city?
3. What is London's population?
4. On what river does London stand?
5. Into what parts is London divided?
6. Why is the City called the business centre of London?
7. What places of interest does Westminster include?
8. Who was buried in Westminster Abbey?
9. What is the West End famous for?
10.Why is the central square in London named Trafalgar Square?
11.Who lives in the East End?
Словообразование
Наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы существительных
Суффиксы существительных
-ег/ог — teacher, writer, actor, doctor
-ist— scientist, artist
-ment — movement, development, government
-ess — fortress, hostess, actress
-ian — musician, technician, politician
-ance — distance, importance, appearance
-(t)ion — revolution, translation, operation
-ity/-ty — popularity; honesty, morality, ability
-hood — childhood, neighbourhood
-y — energy, assembly
-ship — friendship, leadership
-age -— passage, marriage
-ism — heroism, socialism, capitalism
-ant — assistant, cousultant
-ence — conference, silence, difference
-ure — culture, picture, agriculture
-ing — building, reading, meeting
-dom — freedom, kingdom, wisdom
-sion/ssion — revision, session, discussion,
-ness — happiness, illness, darkness
(-s)ure — pleasure, treasure, measure
И. Префиксы существительных
re — reconstruction,
со — cooperation, coexistence
dis — disadvantage, discomfort, distaste
in — inaccuracy, independance
mis — misunderstanding, misprinting, misinformation
im — impossibility, impatience
un — unemployment, unconcern, unreality
il — illegality, illiteracy.
Наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы глаголов
Суффиксы глаголов
en — deepen, lighten, strengthen;
fy — classify, electrify, specify
ize — organize, characterize, mechanize
ate — indicate, activate, translate
Префиксы глаголов
со — cooperate, coexist, collaborate
de — decode, decompose, demobilize
dis — disbelieve, disapprove, disapear
in — input, inlay, incut, indraw
im — immigrate, impart, implant;
inter — interact, interchange, interdepend
ir — irradiate, irrigate, irritate
over — overcome, overheat, overhear, overlook
re — readjust, rebuild, reconstruct,rewrite
mis — misprint, misunderstand, miscount.
Наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы прилагательных
Суффиксы прилагательных
-ful — careful, beautiful, useful, powerful
-ant — distant, important, resistant
-ous — famous, dangerous, various
-ed — talented, developed, interested
-ing — interesting, disappointing
-al — natural, cultural, territorial
-ent — dependent, transparent, different
-ish — Spanish, British, boyish, Irish
-ible — possible, terrible, visible, convertible
-able — comfortable, miserable
-ic — atomic, historic, poetic, heroic
-y. — rainy, busy, sunny, windy, dirty
-less — hopeless, lifeless, useless, homeless
-ary — ordinary, revolutionary, necessary
-ive — inventive, effective, impressive, detective -ian — Russian, Canadian, Romanian
Префиксы прилагательных
un — unhappy, unable, uncomfortable in — independent, indirect, invisible dis — disappointing, discouraging, disconnectng im — impossible, imperfect, immoral, immaterial non — non-ferrous, non-governmental ir — irregular, irresponsible, irrational post — post-war, post-operational inter — interdependent, interchangeable, international
il — illegal, illiberal, illimitable.
Задание 11.4. Прочитайте следующие существительные, укажите, от каких слов они образованы, определите суффиксы.
Russian, construction, direction, concentration, collection, heroism, popularity, musician, boyhood, agreement, kingdom, drawing.
Задание 11.5. Используя известные вам суффиксы и префиксы, образуйте существительные от следующих слов и переведите их на русский язык.
1) to sail, to connect, to educate, to build, to dance
2) friend, leader, fellow
3) dark, weak, mad, cold, bright
Задание 11.6. Образуйте прилагательные от следующих слов, используя суффиксы и префиксы, и пе-.реведите их на русский язык.
hope, truth, beauty, rain, peace, help, colour, power, joy, pain, care, use
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
(Passive Voice)
Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II (Participle И) смыслового глагола:
Present Indefinite: The letter is written. Past Indefinite: The letter was written.
Future Indefinite: The letter will be written.
Present Continuous: The letter is being written. Past Continuous: The letter was being written.
Future Continuous: The letter will be being written.
Present Perfect: The letter has been written.
Past Perfect: The letter had been written.
Future Perfect: The letter will have been written.
Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащее предложения является объектом действия со стороны другого лица или предмета. Сравните: / bought a book. — Я купил книгу.
The book was bought (by me). — Книга была куплена (мной).
Глаголы в страдательном залоге на русский язык переводятся:
1. глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога:
The letter was sent yesterday. Письмо было послано вчера.
2. глаголом с частицей -ся (-сь):
This problem was discussed last week. Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.
3. неопределенно-личным оборотом, т. е. глаголом
в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»:
English is spoken in many countries. На английском языке говорят во многих странах.
4. глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):
Pupils are taught at school by the teachers. Учеников учат в школе учителя.
Задание 12.1. Переведите и определите залог и время сказуемого.
1. Не left for Moscow. 2. The news will be of great interest. 3. They were speaking to him. 4. She studied many subjects. 5. The film was much spoken about. 6. New subjects will be studied next year. 7.1 am working now. 8. The text has been already written by them. 9. He studies at our college. 10. You are working, aren't you? 11. The text is being translated at the moment. 12. Do you work at this office? 13. When I saw him, he was going home. 14. They will have passed their exams by 3 o'clock. 15. This book was written by our teacher. 16. We shall be writing our tests at 10 o'clock. 17. The work v/ill have been done when he comes. 18. We translated this text. 19. The letter had been written before we came. 20. We shall inform you. 21. These toys are made by children. 22. Does he work here? 23. Is he working now? 24. The conference will be held in May. 25. Rostov was named after Dmitry Rostovsky. 26. What are you doing here? 27. This work must be done at once. 28. You may take my book. 29.1 am often asked at the lessons by the teacher.
Задание 12.2. Переведите и определите залог и время сказуемого.
1. They can be seen in our library every day. 2. The delegation was met at the airport. 3. The child was often left home alone. 4. These houses were built last year.
5. All letters had been written when we came. 6. This film is much spoken about. 7. The machine is being tested now. 8. His work has been already finished. 9. I was told to wait in the reception room. 10. Your letter will have been answered by Monday.
Задание 12.3. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужные формы страдательного залога.
1. I'm not reading these books today. They (return) to the library.'2. The paintings (exhibit) till the end of the month. 3. Why your home task (not do)?,4. The patient (take) to the hospital today, and (operate) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (use) only on special occasions. 6. Bicycles must not (leave) here. 7. This newspaper (not read) because the pages (not cut). 8. Dictionaries may not (use) at the examination.-9. Usually the floor (sweep) every day, but it (not sweep) yesterday. 10. This book (leave) in the classroom yesterday. 11. Thousands of new houses (build) every year. 12. This room (not use) for a long time. 13. The children (take) to the circus tomor row.
Задание 12.4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Эта книга была прочитана всеми. 2. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 3. Ее часто спрашивают? 4. На ваш вопрос ответят завтра. 5. Текст переводился вчера с двух до трех. 6. Работа только что закончена нами.
7. Эти книги будут использоваться до конца года.
8. Телеграмма уже получена? 9. О новой книге будут много говорить. 10. В нашем городе сейчас строится много новых зданий. 11. Ключи были утеряны вчера.
12. Мальчика возьмут в кино. 13. Вам сказали об этом?
Задание 12.5. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Этот текст будет переведен к 10 часам завтра. 2. Все картины, которые вы здесь видите, написаны знаменитым художником. 3. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 4. Работа будет закончена вовремя. 5. За доктором послали? (to send for). У ребенка высокая температура. 6. Эта книга была написана давно. 7. Сотни новых домов будут построены к концу этого года. 8. Эта история давно забыта всеми. 9. Мне предложили очень интересную работу. 10. На него всегда можно положиться. 11. Ему не сказали об этом. 12. Нам показали прекрасный фильм. 13. Его пригласили на вечеринку. 14. Делегацию нужно встретить завтра в 9 часов утра в аэропорту.
Задание 12.6. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
ENGLISH WEATHER
The weather in England is very changeable A fine morning can change into a wet afternoon and evening. And a nasty morning can change to a fine afternoon. That is why it is natural for the English to use the comparison «as changeable as the weather» of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something. «Other countries have a climate, in England we have weather». This statement is often made by the English to describe meteorological conditions of their country.
The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long.
The weather is the favourite conversational topic in England. When two Englishmen meet, their first words will be «How do you do?» or «How are you?» And after the reply «Very well, thank you; how are you? » the next remark is almost certain to be about the weather. When they go abroad the English often surprise people of other nationalities by this tendency to talk about the weather, a topic of conversation that other people do not find so interesting.
The best time of the year in England is spring (of course, it rains in spring, too). The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are cold, damp and unpleasant. The best place in the world then is at home by the big fire in the fireplace.
Summer months are rather cold and there can be a lot of rainy days. So most people who look forward to summer holidays, plan to go abroad in summer to France or somewhere on the Continent.
The most unpleasant aspect of English weather is fog J and smog. This is extremely bad in big cities and espe-' cially in London. The fog spreads everywhere, it is in the streets and it creeps into the houses. Cars move along slowly, but still street accidents are frequent in the fog. People cannot see each other. They creep along the houses touching them with their hands not to losetheir wayor not to be run over by a car.
Words
changeable— изменчивый, неустойчивый
wet— сырой, мокрый
nasty— мерзкий, противный
comparison— сравнение
mood— настроение
opinion— мнение
statement— утверждение
meteorologica— метеорологический
remark— замечание
togo abroad— поехать за границу
damp— сырой, мокрый
nationality— национальность
fireplace— камин
to look forward to— с нетерпением ждать
the Continent— континент (Европа)
aspect— аспект, сторона
fog— туман
smog (smoke + fog) —с мог
extremely— чрезвычайно
to spread (spread, spread)— расстилать(ся)
to creep (crept, crept)— ползти, красться
accident— несчастный случай
frequent— частый
to lose way— заблудиться
to be run over by a car— попасть под машину
Questions
.1. Is the weather inEngland very changeable?
2. How often does itrain inEngland?
3. What do Englishmen often say to describe the weather of their country?
4. Englishmen often talk about weather. Do you find this topic of conversation interesting?
5. What is the worst time of the year in England?
6. When do Englishmen prefer to stay at home by the big fire?
7. How do the English spend their short English summer?
8. What are London smogs?
9. What kind of weather do you like best of all?
10.Which do you like better: when it's cold or hot?
11.What is the weather like today?
12.What is the weather forecast for tomorrow?
13.What is the weather like in your town in winter (summer, autumn, spring)?