Критерии оценки выполненной контрольной работы

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Контрольные работы для студентов

Заочной формы обучения

Направления подготовки

«Агроинженерия»

Екатеринбург, 2015

ББК 81.432.1я 73-9

УДК 802.0 (07)

Рецензент:

Сорокина Н.И., к.п.н., доцент, зав.кафедрой иностранных языков Уральского государственного аграрного университета

Волкова, С. А.

Английский язык [Электронный ресурс]: контрольные работы для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки «Агроинженерия»/ С. А. Волкова; ФГБОУ ВО Уральский ГАУ, Кафедра иностранных языков. - Екатеринбург: [б. и.], 2015. - 35 с. - Б. ц.

Одобрено и рекомендовано к изданию

кафедрой иностранных языков Уральского ГАУ (протокол заседания №6 от 11.02.2015) и учебно-методической комиссией инженерного факультета Уральского ГАУ (протокол заседания №5 от 18.02.2015).

Общие положения

Данные контрольные работы предназначены студентам заочной формы обучения направления «Агроинженерия».

Письменные контрольные работы по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» (английский) помогают определить уровень знаний студентов по данной дисциплине и контролировать дальнейшее усвоение материала.

Целью выполнения контрольных работ является повторение и углубление знаний о грамматическом строе иностранного языка (английского), изучение профессионально-ориентированной лексики, развитие навыков самостоятельной работы с оригинальной литературой по выбранному направлению.

Упражнения содержат общеупотребительную, деловую и специальную лексику, что способствует не только усвоению грамматического материала, но и расширению словарного запаса. Тексты для перевода взяты из оригинальных источников, тексты из первого раздела (Контрольная работа №1) имеют сельскохозяйственную направленность, что обусловлено спецификой вуза, из второго (Контрольная работа №2) – профессиональную, что подготовит будущих выпускников к работе с оригинальной литературой по выбранному направлению.

Выбор варианта контрольной работы

За курс изучения дисциплины «Иностранный язык» студенты выполняют две контрольные работы (Контрольная работа №1 и Контрольная работа №2), каждая из которых имеет четыре варианта. Вариант контрольной работы определяется начальной буквой фамилии студента.

Вариант №1 выполняют студенты, чьи фамилии начинаются с букв А-Д.

Вариант №2 – студенты, чьи фамилии начинаются с букв Е-К.

Вариант №3 – студенты, чьи фамилии начинаются с букв Л-Р.

Вариант №4 – студенты, чьи фамилии начинаются с букв С-Я.

Требования к оформлению

И срокам выполнения контрольной работы

Контрольная работа должна быть либо напечатана, либо выполнена в отдельной тетради и написана четким, понятным почерком.

Контрольная работа должна иметь титульный лист с указанием всей необходимой информации (фамилия, имя, отчество студента, факультет, курс, направление подготовки, группа, фамилия, имя, отчество преподавателя).

Следует внимательно читать задания и выполнять их должным образом.

Необходимо вместе с номером упражнения переписывать задание.

Внесение изменений в порядок следования упражнений не допускается.

Контрольная работа должна быть сдана для проверки на кафедру иностранных языков не позднее, чем за 10 дней до официальной даты начала сессии, чтобы студент, при наличии ошибок, успел их исправить до зачета. Студенты, не выполнившие контрольную работу или не получившие зачета по ней, не допускаются к сдаче зачета/экзамена.

Критерии оценки выполненной контрольной работы

Качество работы оценивается по степени правильности выполнения грамматических упражнений и адекватности перевода текста с английского языка на русский (учитывается отсутствие стилистических, речевых и грамматических ошибок в тексте перевода, соответствие нормам русского языка).

За контрольную работу выставляется оценка «зачтено» или «не зачтено». Если работа не зачтена, в нее необходимо внести соответствующие исправления с учетом сделанных замечаний.

Содержание контрольной работы № 1

Перед выполнением контрольной работы №1 по английскому языку следует повторить следующий грамматический материал:

- структура предложения в английском языке; порядок слов в утвердительном, вопросительном и отрицательном предложении;

- имя существительное (образование множественного числа существительных; исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные);

- словообразование (продуктивные суффиксы прилагательных, существительных, глаголов и наречий);

- функции и правила употребления much, many, (a) few, (a) little;

- артикль; правила употребления; определенный и неопределенный артикль;

- местоимения (личные, притяжательные, указательные, возвратные, вопросительные, относительные, количественные местоимения);

- имя прилагательное (степени сравнения прилагательных);

- глагол – связка to be; его функции и формы;

- система времен английского глагола в действительном залоге Present, Past, Future (Simple, Continuous, Perfect).

Содержание контрольной работы № 2

Перед выполнением контрольной работы №2 по английскому языку следует повторить следующий грамматический материал:

- типы вопросов в английском языке;

- модальные глаголы: can, may, must, have to, should; их значение и правила употребления;

- местоимения some, any, no, every и их производные;

- имя существительное; притяжательный падеж существительных;

- апостроф ‘s (его функции);

- система времен английского глагола в действительном залоге Present, Past, Future (Simple, Continuous, Perfect);

- система времен английского глагола в страдательном залоге Present, Past, Future (Simple, Continuous, Perfect);

- согласование времен; прямая и косвенная речь.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1

Вариант №1

Упражнение 1.

Образуйте множественное число существительных, подчеркивая способ его образования, как показано в образце, и переведите:

Tool (инструмент) – tools

Company (компания) – companies

Criterion, key, service, office, apparatus, knife, information, phenomenon, variety, animal.

Упражнение 2.

Образуйте однокоренные слова от нижеперечисленных глаголов и распределите их по столбцам в зависимости от части речи. Обратите внимание, что иногда может быть несколько однокоренных слов одной части речи.

Обозначьте	суффиксы	и	сделайте	перевод.
	Глагол	Существительное	Прилагательное
	produce (производить)	producer (производитель) production (производство) productivity (производительность)	productive (продуктивный)

To assist, to direct, to install, to vary, to expect.

Упражнение 3.

Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания, используя much,

many,

few,

little,

little.

Много исследований, мало техники, несколько отделов, мало времени, мало работодателей, несколько агроинженеров, немного денег, много работы.

Упражнение 4.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму прилагательного. Укажите в скобках степень сравнения прилагательного и переведите предложения.

1. Don’t worry. The situation isn’t so bad. It could be (bad).

2. It is (funny) joke I’ve ever heard.

3. It is a very valuable painting. It is (valuable) in the gallery.

4. She has very (beautiful) grey eyes.

5. Your work isn’t very good. I’m sure you can do (good).

Упражнение 5.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Present Simple или Present Continuous и производя все необходимые изменения.

Переведите

предложения.

1. Please don’t make so much noise. The children (to sleep) at present.

2. Claire! Nice to see you. What you (to do) these days?

3. Look! That man (to try) to open the door of your car.

4. Agriculture in the United Kingdom (to use) around 70% of the country's land area.

Упражнение 6.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Future Simple.

Переведите

предложения.

1. If Mrs. Stoney (to come) in St.Petersburg, he (to meet) her at the rail-way station for sure.

2. We (to be) late for the presentation of our equipment, if you (not to hurry).

3. As soon as he (to come) into the office, he (to call) you back.

Упражнение 7.

Заполните таблицу соответствующими формами неправильных глаголов.

1-я форма (инфинитив)	2-я форма	3-я форма
	Got
Take
		Eaten
	Was, Were
Read
	Did

Упражнение 8.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Past Simple или Present Perfect и производя все необходимые изменения.

1. Joule (to find) that the temperature of a gas falls when it expands without doing any work.

2. You ever (to see) the eruption of a volcano?

3. Look at this bird-house. I (to make) it myself.

4. They (to leave) Moscow when he (to be) a child.

Упражнение 9.

Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно. Обратите внимание, что специальная лексика (подчеркнутые слова) дана после текста с переводом.

WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?

Agriculture, also called farming or husbandry, is the cultivation of animals, plants, and other life forms for food, biofuel, medicinals and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that resulted in the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniques to expand and maintain the lands that are suitable for raising domesticated species. For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dryland farming. Livestock are raised in a combination of grassland-based and landless systems, in an industry that covers almost one-third of the world's ice- and water-free area. In the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming, although there is growing support for sustainable agriculture, including permaculture and organic agriculture.

The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials. Specific foods include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, oils, meats and spices. Fibers include cotton, wool, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo. Other useful materials are produced by plants, such as resins, dyes, drugs, perfume.

VOCABULARY

animal – животное

plant – растение

food – пища, еда

irrigation – орошение

raw materials – сырьё

cereal (grain) – злак

vegetables – овощи

spice – специя, пряность

cotton – хлопок

wool – шерсть

flax – лён

lumber – пиломатериал

bamboo – бамбук

resin – каучук

dyes – красители

livestock – домашний скот

agriculture – сельское хозяйство

domesticated – одомашненный

species – род, порода, разновидность

permaculture – пермакультура

dryland

farming

– богарное земледелие

grassland – пастбище, сенокосное угодье

monoculture – однооборотная культура

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1

Вариант №2

Упражнение 1.

Tool (инструмент) – tools

Company (компания) – companies

License, nutrient, procedure, branch, formula, chairman, basis, manufacturer, strategy, position.

Упражнение 2.

Образуйте однокоренные слова от нижеперечисленных глаголов и распределите их по столбцам. Обратите внимание, что иногда может быть несколько однокоренных слов одной части речи.

Обозначьте	суффиксы	и	сделайте	перевод.
	Глагол	Существительное	Прилагательное
	produce (производить)	producer (производитель) production (производство) productivity (производительность)	productive (продуктивный)

To guarantee, to apply, to alter, to require, to specify.

Упражнение 3.

Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания, используя much,

many,

few,

little,

little.

Много приборов, мало производителей, много офисов, немного денег, мало конкурентов, много работы, несколько сортов, мало комбайнов.

Упражнение 4.

1. Everest is (high) mountain in the world.

2. We had a great holiday. It was one of the (enjoyable) holidays we’ve ever had.

3. He was a bit depressed yesterday, but today he looks (happy).

4. My (favourite) season is spring.

5. I prefer this chair to the other one. It’s (comfortable).

Упражнение 5.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Present Simple или Present Continuous и производя все необходимые изменения.

Переведите

предложения.

1. I usually (not/ to go) to work by bus.

2. Good afternoon! I (to call) on behalf of John Maple who is away on a business trip at the moment.

3. You (to send) an urgent e-mail now?

4. The UK (to produce) only 59% of the food it consumes.

Упражнение 6.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Future Simple.

Переведите

предложения.

1. Where you (to go) when you (to come) in Rome?

2. I (to speak) to Jack if I (to see) him today.

3. She (to make) all the necessary arrangements about it before I (to fly) there.

Упражнение 7.

Заполните таблицу соответствующими формами неправильных глаголов.

1-я форма (инфинитив)	2-я форма	3-я форма
		Written
	Knew
		Put
	Begun
Go
		Made

Упражнение 8.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Past Simple или Present Perfect и производя все необходимые изменения.

1. How many times you (to be) to London?

2. Newton’s mother (to want) him to be a farmer but he was not very good at it.

3. They know so much because they (to travel) a lot.

4. Peter the Great (to found) the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1724.

Упражнение 9.

CROP CULTIVATION SYSTEMS

Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm; the government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and philosophy and culture of the farmer.

Shifting cultivation is a system in which forests are burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then perennialcrops for a period of several years. Then the plot is left fallow to regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10–20). This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring the input of nutrients (fertilizer or manure) and some manual pest control. Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. This requires even greater nutrient and pest control inputs.

Industrialization led to the use of monoculture, when one cultivar is planted on a large acreage. Because of the low biodiversity, nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up, necessitating the greater use of pesticides and fertilizers. Multiple cropping, in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and intercropping, when several crops are grown at the same time, are other kinds of annual cropping systems known as polycultures.

In subtropical and arid environments, the timing and extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple annual crops in a year, or requiring irrigation. In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced such as agroforestry. In temperate environments, where ecosystems were predominantly grassland or prairie, highly productive annual cropping is the dominant farming system.

VOCABULARY

crop – с/х культура

fallow – пар

fertilizer – удобрение

manure – навоз

pesticide – пестицид

arid – безводный

irrigation – орошение

temperate – умеренный

grassland – пастбище

prairie – прерия, степь

cultivar – сорт, культивар

productive – плодородный

nutrient – питательное вещество

annual – однолетнее растение

perennial – многолетнее растение

pest

control

– борьба с вредителями

control – борьба с вредителями

acreage – посевная площадь

biodiversity – биоразнообразие

intercropping – совмещение культур

polyculture – поликультура

subtropical – субтропический

agriculture – сельское хозяйство

agroforestry – агролесоводство

cropping	system	– система земледелия
shifting	cultivation	– сменная культивация

monoculture – однооборотная культура

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1

Вариант №3

Упражнение 1.

Tool (инструмент) – tools

Company (компания) – companies

Breed, technology, employer, plant, crisis, competitor, duty, pesticide, sheep, fertilizer.

Упражнение 2.

Обозначьте	суффиксы	и	сделайте	перевод.
	Глагол	Существительное	Прилагательное
	produce (производить)	producer (производитель) production (производство) productivity (производительность)	productive (продуктивный)

To agree, to fabricate, to confirm, to modify, to accept.

Упражнение 3.

Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания, используя much,

many,

few,

little,

little.

Несколько производителей, много оборудования, немного работы, мало денег, несколько инструментов, много работы, немного времени, мало деталей.

Упражнение 4.

1. This coffee is very weak. I like a bit (strong).

2. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be (expensive).

3. That’s (boring) film I’ve ever seen.

4. He is a very (tall) man.

5. What is (long) river in the world?

Упражнение 5.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Present Simple или Present Continuous и производя все необходимые изменения.

Переведите

предложения.

1. John isn’t lazy. He (to work) very hard most of the time.

2. You (to call) on behalf of Catherine Green?

3. The water (to boil). Can you turn it off?

4. It (not/ to rain) very much in summer.

Упражнение 6.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Future Simple.

Переведите

предложения.

1. I hope they (to join) us at the conference-room as soon as they (to come).

2. Before she (to leave) to Rome, we think they (to come) to say good-bye to her.

3. If Mr. Brown (to negotiate) the contract successfully, he (to get) a promotion.

Упражнение 7.

Заполните таблицу соответствующими формами неправильных глаголов.

1-я форма (инфинитив)	2-я форма	3-я форма
Forget
	Drank
		Chosen
Run
	Had
		Seen

Упражнение 8.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Past Simple или Present Perfect и производя все необходимые изменения.

1. The 19^th century (to be) a period of numerous significant developments and discoveries.

2. You (to see) our engineer today?

3. In Great Britain since 1973 productivity (to grow) by 49%, output volumes (to increase) by 25%.

4. Mendeleev was born in 1834 to a large family – his mother (to give) birth to 14 children.

Упражнение 9.

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Animals, including horses, mules, oxen, water buffalo, camels, llamas, alpacas, donkeys, and dogs, are often used to help cultivate fields, harvestcrops, and transport farm products to buyers. Animal husbandry not only refers to the breeding and raising of animals for meat or to harvest animal products (like milk, eggs, or wool) on a continual basis, but also to the breeding and care of species for work and companionship.

Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. As in 2010, 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, also showed significant production increases. Global cattle, sheep and goat populations are expected to continue to increase sharply up to 2050. Aquaculture or fish farming, the production of fish for human consumption is one of the fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007.

Grassland based livestock production relies upon plant material such as shrubland, rangeland, and pastures for feeding ruminant animals. Outside nutrient inputs may be used, however manure is returned directly to the grassland as a major nutrient source. This system is particularly important in areas where crop production is not feasible because of climate or soil. Mixed production systems use grassland, fodder crops and grain feed crops as feed for ruminant and monogastric (one stomach; mainly chickens and pigs) livestock. Manure is typically recycled in mixed systems as a fertilizer for crops.

VOCABULARY

horse – лошадь

mule – мул

ox (pl. oxen) – бык, вол

water buffalo – буйвол

camel – верблюд

llama – лама

alpaca – альпака

donkey – осёл

crop – с/х культура

grassland – пастбище

milk cow – дойная корова

sheep – овца

goat – коза

livestock – домашний скот

harvest – урожай; собирать урожай

cultivate – возделывать, выращивать

animal

husbandry

– животноводство

breeding – разведение (животных)

species – род, порода, разновидность

beef – говядина; мясной скот

cattle – крупный рогатый скот

aquaculture – разведение рыб

rangeland – пастбищное угодье

pasture – пастбище

ruminant – жвачное животное

fodder – фураж; корм для скота

shrubland – местность, покрытая кустарником

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1

Вариант №4

Упражнение 1.

Tool (инструмент) – tools

Company (компания) – companies

Analysis, wage, technology, specification, pasture, mouse, device, system, contract, formula.

Упражнение 2.

Обозначьте	суффиксы	и	сделайте	перевод.
	Глагол	Существительное	Прилагательное
	produce (производить)	producer (производитель) production (производство) productivity (производительность)	productive (продуктивный)

To consume, to motivate, to observe, to construct, to compete.

Упражнение 3.

Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания, используя much,

many,

few,

little,

little.

Много технологий, несколько растений, много работы, несколько приспособлений, мало филиалов, мало времени, несколько должностей, немного денег.

Упражнение 4.

1. What is (popular) sport in your country?

2. It was an awful day. It was (bad) day of my life.

3. Jane is a very (intelligent) student.

4. Unfortunately her illness was (serious) than we thought at first.

5. You’re talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit (quite)?

Упражнение 5.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Present Simple или Present Continuous и производя все необходимые изменения. Переведите предложения.

1. Before buying any new equipment we (to require) as much information as we can about its producer.

2. You can join them, they (to have) a coffee-break in our conference-room.

3. The main factors that (to influence) crop sequences include the soil type, weather, the price and availability of labour and power, soil fertility.

4. I (to try) to find a job but it’s not easy.

Упражнение 6.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Future Simple.

Переведите предложения.

1. We (to sing) this song with you, if you (to tell) us the words.

2. He (to call) you back, as soon as he (to come) into the office.

3. What you (to do) when you (to come) home?

Упражнение 7.

Заполните таблицу соответствующими формами неправильных глаголов.

1-я форма (инфинитив)	2-я форма	3-я форма
	Had
Speak
		Gone
Get
		Taken
	Knew

Упражнение 8.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Past Simple или Present Perfect и производя все необходимые изменения.

1. When Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity was proved to be true by British researchers in 1919, he (to become) world famous.

2. We already (to solve) the problem.

3. How many times he (to be) to Moscow?

4. They (to leave) Moscow when he (to be) a child.

Упражнение 9.

PRODUCTION PRACTICES

Tillage is the practice of plowingsoil to prepare it for planting or for nutrient incorporation or for pest control. Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to no-till. It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also encourages the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO₂, and reduces the number and diversity of soil organisms.

Pest control includes the management of weeds, insects, mites, and diseases. Chemical (pesticides), biological (biocontrol), mechanical (tillage), and cultural practices are used. Cultural practices include crop rotation, culling, cover crops, intercropping, composting, and resistance.

Nutrient management includes both the source of nutrient inputs for crop and livestock production, and the method of utilization of manure produced by livestock. Crop nutrient use may also be managed using cultural techniques such as crop rotation or a fallow period. Manure is used either by holding livestock where the feed crop is growing, such as in managed intensive rotational grazing, or by spreading either dry or liquid formulations of manure on cropland or pastures.

Water management is needed where rainfall is insufficient or variable, which occurs to some degree in most regions of the world. Some farmers use irrigation to supplement rainfall. In other areas such as the Great Plains in the U.S. and Canada, farmers use a fallow year to conserve soil moisture to use for growing crops in the following year. Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use worldwide.

VOCABULARY

tillage – подготовка почвы к посеву

plowing – плужная обработка

soil – почва

planting – посадка; сев

nutrient – питательное вещество

pest

control –

борьба с вредителями

no-till – беспахотный

fertilizer – удобрение

weed – сорняк

insect – насекомое

mite – мошка

disease – болезнь

pesticide – пестицид

crop rotation – чередование культур

culling – выбраковка

cover crop – запашная культура

intercropping – совмещение культур

resistance – устойчивость

crop – с/х культура

livestock – домашний скот

manure – навоз

fallow – пар

cropland – пахотное угодье

pasture – пастбище

irrigation – орошение

composting – закладывание в компост

nutrient	management	– применение/использование питательных веществ
water	management	– рациональное водоиспользование

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2

Вариант №1

Упражнение 1.

Составьте вопросы к подчеркнутым членам предложения:

The agricultural engineerrecommends strategies to protect the health, safety and security of workers, animals and agricultural products.

Упражнение 2.

Подчеркните модальные глаголы и переведите предложения.

1. You need not come to help them tomorrow: the work is done.

2. Can he turn the music down, please?

3. Don’t go to the wood alone: you may lose your way.

4. It is already 7 o’clock. We must hurry if we don’t want to be late.

Упражнение 3.

Заполните пропуски местоимениями some, any, no, every или их производными и переведите предложения.

1. I could hear …, it was very noisy.

2. I understand … now. Thank you for your explanations.

3. I didn’t take money with me, so I couldn’t buy … .

4. Give me … books to read in my travelling, please.

5. You work very hard. Why don’t you go … to rest a little?

Упражнение 4.

Расставьте апостроф ‘s в предложениях, подчеркните и расшифруйте его, как показано в образце:

Our director in her mid-thirties. – Our director’s in her mid-thirties. (is; глагол to be в Present Simple)

1. Everybody says he a very reliable worker.

2. What colour Sarah mobile phone?

3. Don’t disturb her, she preparing a report for the meeting.

4. He received some e-mails this morning.

5. He speaking over the phone with our agricultural consultant.

Упражнение 5.

Определите залог (Active Voice или Passive Voice), время глагола и переведите предложения, как показано в образце.

The development of agriculture has played a major role in human history. (Active Voice, Present Perfect). – Развитие сельского хозяйства сыграло важную роль в истории человечества.

1. Agricultural practices such as irrigation, crop rotation, application of fertilizers and pesticides, and the domestication of livestock were developed long ago.

2. The e-mail had been sent by 7 o’clock yesterday.

3. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They had been cooked for too long.

4. I will be sent a box of sweets by my colleagues.

5. Now common chemical weedkiller ingredients include sodium chlorate, copper chloride, sulphuric acid.

6. Most British farm animals are bred for a particular purpose, for example, for dairy.

Упражнение 6.

Восстановите прямую речь и переведите следующие предложения.

1. I asked him if he was afraid of getting a promotion.

2. She told me not to worry and go home quietly.

3. They told me he had bought a ticket the day before.

4. He asked me to buy a ticket to London on my way home.

5. Mary wonders if Jennifer is busy on Wednesday in two weeks.

6. George said that it was very difficult to head that department.

Упражнение 7.

THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

After the Industrial Revolution, instead of harvesting grain by hand with a sharp blade, wheeled machines cut a continuous swath. Instead of threshing the grain by beating it with sticks, threshing machines separated the seeds from the heads and stalks. The first tractors appeared in the late 19th century.

Power for agricultural machinery was originally supplied by ox or other domesticated animals. With the invention of steam power the portable engine came, and later the traction engine, a multipurpose, mobile energy source that was the ground-crawling cousin to the steam locomotive. Agricultural steam engines took over the heavy pulling work of oxen, and were also equipped with a pulley that could power stationary machines via the use of a long belt.

The internal combustion engine, and later diesel engines, became the main source of power for the next generation of tractors. These engines also contributed to the development of the self-propelled, combined harvester and thresher, or combine harvester. Instead of cutting the grain stalks and transporting them to a stationary threshing machine, these combines cut, threshed, and separated the grain while moving continuously through the field.

VOCABULARY

blade – лезвие; лопасть; клинок

wheeled

machine

– колесное оборудование

swath – валок; просека; полоса скошенной травы,

threshing machine – молотилка

tractor – трактор, тягач

agricultural machinery – сельскохозяйственные машины

steam

power

– паровая тяга

portable engine – переносной двигатель

traction engine – трактор-тягач; тяговый двигатель; тягач

steam

locomotive

– паровоз; паровой локомотив

pulley – натяжной ролик; канатное колесо

internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

diesel

engine – дизельный двигатель

self-propelled – с автономным приводом

harvester – уборочная машина; жнейка-сноповязалка

thresher – молотильщик; молотилка

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2

Вариант №2

Упражнение 1.

Составьте вопросы к подчеркнутым членам предложения:

The agriculturalengineer is a person who plans the heating, cooling, ventilation, postharvest handling, logistics and more.

Упражнение 2.

Подчеркните модальные глаголы и переведите предложения.

1. You need not come to help them tomorrow: the work is done.

2. If you want to improve your English, you should work very hard.

3. Can you fix this car?

4. Well, it is 10 o’clock. I must go now.

Упражнение 3.

Заполните пропуски местоимениями some, any, no, every или их производными и переведите предложения.

1. Is there …who knows French?

2. You work very hard; you must have a rest and go … next summer.

3. I called back some minutes ago, but … answered.

4. There are … important questions that must be discussed.

5. I didn’t take money with me, so I couldn’t buy … .

Упражнение 4.

Расставьте апостроф ‘s в предложениях, подчеркните и расшифруйте его, как показано в образце.

Our director in her mid-thirties. – Our director’s in her mid-thirties. (is; глагол to be в Present Simple)

1. He speaking over the phone with our agricultural consultant.

2. Who that girl with long dark hair?

3. My sister invested a lot of money in this project.

4. Do you know Rachael husband?

5. I am sure, she in the office at her working hours.

Упражнение 5.

Определите залог (Active Voice или Passive Voice) и время глагола и переведите предложения, как показано в образце.

1. Most cows are milked twice a day, and an average dairy cow yields 6,300 litres a year.

2. I think we’re being followed.

3. We discussed this problem some days ago.

4. When will this variety be planted at their farm?

5. Mr. Green gets a higher salary now.

6. The UK has about 73,000 goats, mostly as milk producers; this number is relatively small by EU standards.

Упражнение 6.

Восстановите прямую речь и переведите следующие предложения.

1. She asked me to hurry up as there was little time left before the beginning of the meeting.

2. He asked me not to buy a ticket to Moscow on my way home.

3. Jack told me that he hadn’t been able to ring me up in time.

4. My colleagues say that they were having lunch at the nearest café.

5. At the personnel department they asked me where I lived.

6. The manager asked me if I knew the telephone number of our new employee.

Упражнение 7.

AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS

THAT CHANGED THE FACE OF FARMING

Reaper/Binder: Small grains had been harvested by hand for centuries, cut with sickles or scythes, hand-raked and tied into sheaves. Grain harvesting machines first appeared in Great Britain in about 1800, and in the U.S. a decade or two later, but most failed. Obed Hussey and Cyrus McCormick developed successful reapers during the 1830s. McCormick's machine became the more popular one; today he is credited with inventing the reaper. Those early machines still required the sheaves to be bound by hand, but in 1857 the Marsh brothers equipped a reaper with moving canvases that carried the grain to a platform where it was tied into bundles by a worker riding on the machine.

The first twine knotter was demonstrated in 1867 by John Appleby. Sylvanus Locke developed a wire binder in about 1874 and it was adopted by McCormick. Wire dominated for a short while, but bits of wire got into the grain and ended up inside livestock and flour with disastrous results. William Deering adopted the twine-tying mechanism for his popular Deering harvesters, and in about 1881, McCormick did as well.

VOCABULARY

reaper – жатвенная машина; жнейка; жатка

binder – обвязка; вязальщик; сноповязалка

sickle – серп; режущий аппарат

scythe – коса; газонокосилка

sheave – шпулька; костра

grain

harvesting

machine – хлебоуборочное оборудование

canvases – полотенный транспортер

bundle – сноп

twine	knotter – узловязатель для шпагата
Wire	binder – сноповязалка с проволочной вязкой

twine-tying mechanism – механизм двойной обвязки

harvester – уборочная машина; жнейка-сноповязалка

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2

Вариант №3

Упражнение 1.

Составьте вопросы к подчеркнутым членам предложения:

The agricultural engineer worksin industries associated with agriculture such as equipment companies, seed manufacturers and food companies.

Упражнение 2.

Подчеркните модальные глаголы и переведите предложения.

1. We have got plenty of time. We need not hurry.

2. You have not to change the whole text as the beginning is all right. You should only rewrite the second part.

3. Can he turn the music down, please?

4. Don’t go to the wood alone: you may lose your way.

Упражнение 3.

Заполните пропуски местоимениями some, any, no, every или их производными и переведите предложения.

1. Let’s make a firm’s birthday party … out of the office.

2. Tell me … about your work experience.

3. I must receive … very important e-mails.

4. The question was so difficult that … could answer it.

5. Do you have … questions?

Упражнение 4.

Расставьте апостроф ‘s в предложениях, подчеркните и расшифруйте его, как показано в образце.

Our director in her mid-thirties. – Our director’s in her mid-thirties. (is; глагол to be в Present Simple)

1. Why do you think he a very reliable worker?

2. Where Susan having lunch at the moment?

3. Carolyn recommendations were of great importance.

4. The leading agricultural engineer on a business trip in Scotland now.

5. She got the samples of that famous fertilizer this morning.

Упражнение 5.

Определите залог (Active Voice или Passive Voice) и время глагола и переведите предложения, как показано в образце.

1. Organic farming is farming without chemical fertilizers, animal cruelty, most pesticides, and genetic modification.

2. Haven’t you written an e-mail yet?

3. The flowers are watered regularly.

4. The room will be cleaned and aired.

5. By last winter everything had been prepared.

6. In 2003, the European Union saw biofuels as an answer to several problems: climate change, energy security and stimulating the rural economy.

Упражнение 6.

Восстановите прямую речь и переведите следующие предложения.

1. He asks me to buy a ticket to London on my way home.

2. He said that he would work in the open air.

3. At the personnel department they asked me where I lived.

4. I ask my colleague if she is going to her home town for the holidays.

5. The director told us not to be late for the meeting with our new partners.

6. He said that he studied at Moscow University.

Упражнение 7.

AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS

THAT CHANGED THE FACE OF FARMING

Thresher: When grain was being cut by hand, the method for separating the kernels from the straw was equally slow and labour intensive. Grain was hauled to a barn where it was spread on a threshing floor and either beaten with hand flails or trampled by animals. That knocked the kernels free of the straw, which was then raked away. The remaining mixture was winnowed by tossing it into the air where the wind was relied upon to blow the chaff and lighter debris away from the heavier grain, which fell back onto the threshing floor.

The first threshing machine with a revolving, toothed cylinder and concaves was invented in 1786 in Scotland by Andrew Meikle. Brothers Hiram and John Pitts are credited with invention of the first successful American separator in 1830, as well as with adapting a horse tread power to run the thing. Hiram soon added a fanning mill to the threshing drum to separate and clean the grain at the same time.

Later improvements resulted in machines that extracted virtually all the grain from the straw and thoroughly cleaned it.

VOCABULARY

thresher – молотилка; молотильщик

threshing floor – ток; гумно

chaff – солома; чешуя (колосковая)

debris – нанос

threshing	machine – молотилка
toothed	cylinder – зубчатая цилиндрическая деталь

concaves – подбарабанье; вогнутая поверхность

separator – сортировочный аппарат; сепаратор

fanning	mill – вентилятор очистки; веялка
threshing	drum – молотильный аппарат

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2

Вариант №4

Упражнение 1.

Составьте вопросы к подчеркнутым членам предложения:

Agricultural engineers have knowledge and skillsto function effectively in the agricultural and agribusiness industries.

Упражнение 2.

Подчеркните модальные глаголы и переведите предложения.

1. You should take medicine three times a day before meals.

2. It is already 7 o’clock. We must hurry if we don’t want to be late.

3. My grandfather is retired, so he doesn’t have to go to work.

4. I can’t watch this film. It is too boring.

Упражнение 3.

Заполните пропуски местоимениями some, any, no, every или их производными и переведите предложения.

1. Is there … that you want to tell at our meeting?

2. I could hear …, it was very noisy.

3. Please, tell us … words about methods to increase yields, improve land use.

4. I understand … now. Thank you for your explanations and recommendations.

5. Is there …who knows foundations of agribusiness?

Упражнение 4.

Расставьте апостроф ‘s в предложениях, подчеркните и расшифруйте его, как показано в образце.

Our director in her mid-thirties. – Our director’s in her mid-thirties. (is; глагол to be в Present Simple)

1. I am sorry, she not in the office today.

2. Our top manager got your e-mails.

3. David wife doesn’t have a driving license.

4. What she looking for at my working place?

5. Where the group of Scotland farmers?

Упражнение 5.

Определите залог (Active Voice или Passive Voice) и время глагола и переведите предложения, как показано в образце.

1. Crop growth is affected by light, soil, nutrients, water, air, and climate.

2. She has been often spoken about.

3. I shall not be allowed to go there.

4. The chief will show new equipment to a group of visitors.

5. Historically weed control was by hand-pulling of weeds.

6. They clean the equipment every day.

Упражнение 6.

Восстановите прямую речь и переведите следующие предложения.

1. The director told us not to be late for the meeting with our new partners.

2. Sarah says that she has not seen any letters yet.

3. She asked who was absent.

4. I ask him if he is at the office at four o’clock tomorrow.

5.He asked why there were so few people at the conference.

6. They said he had seen this report several days before.

Упражнение 7.

AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS

THAT CHANGED THE FACE OF FARMING

Steam Engine: Until the end of the 18th century, American farmers relied primarily upon their own strong backs and arms and those of family members, hired men or slaves. New farm machines then being developed required more power, so oxen, horses and mules were pressed into service. Stationary steam engines were used early on to run cotton gins and mills. The additional power required by improved threshing machines led to the development of portable steam power, which made its first appearance in 1849.

At first, horses were used to haul portable steam engines from job to job. During the 1870s, several inventors developed practical drive systems and the self-propelled steam traction engine became common. Such machines were also used to pull multiple gangplows in large fields.

Gasoline Tractor: Steam tractors required a lot of water and fuel (coal, wood or straw), and a trained engineer at the wheel. The internal combustion engine, developed in the 1890s, offered an alternative to steam. John Froehlich is generally credited with inventing the first successful tractor in 1892. The first commercially successful tractor was built in Charles City, Iowa, by Charles Hart and Charles Parr. Early tractors were big, heavy, awkward and none too reliable, but by 1920 the better ones had survived and ere becoming hugely popular on American farms for heavy tillage and belt work.

VOCABULARY

steam	engine – паровой двигатель
Farm	machine – сельскохозяйственная машина
cotton	gin – хлопкоочистительная машина

mill – мельница; дробилка; прядильная фабрика

threshing	machine – молотилка
steam	power – паровая тяга; паровой двигатель
drive	system – система привода

self-propelled – самодвижущийся; с автономным приводом

traction

engine – трактор-тягач; тяговый двигатель

gangplow – многокорпусный плуг

gasoline

tractor – трактор с карбюраторным двигателем внутреннего сгорания

fuel – топливо; горючее

wheel – штурвал; ручной маховичок; колесо

internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

tillage – обработка почвы; вспашка

belt work – передача работы на шкив