Acute appendicitis is known to be a dangerous disease.
ФУНКЦИИ ИНФИНИТИВА В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ
Определите функции инфинитива и переведите предложения:
Exercise 1.
1. It was very difficult to answer such a question.
2. To render surgical assistance is not an easy task.
3. It is important to estimate correctly the nature of the patient’s condition and provide the treatment.
4. To relieve the bronchial spasm is the chief aim in treating status asthmaticus.
5. It is advisable to transfer blood directly into the patient’s bloodstream.
6. After pneumoectomy, it is necessary to maintain a negative pressure on the affected side.
Exercise 2.
1. The volume of the patient’s nasopharynx is measured in order to select the pad of proper size.
2. No one of the three men knew the language well enough to follow all his words.
3. The plasma albumin and globulin serve to maintain the proper water content of the blood.
4. All necessary measures are taken to relieve the patient’s condition.
5. To avoid complications the doctor usually takes into account the past history of the patient.
6. External stimuli activate the cell membranes of nerve cells so as to release stored electrical energy within the cells.
Exercise 3.
1. To get adequate results the scientists carried out a series of experiments.
2. To bring into practice all achievements of science was the main task of the clinical medicine.
3. To operate on the patient successfully the surgeon analyzed many identical cases.
4. To operate on the patient successfully is the aim of every surgeon.
5. To prevent contamination a surgeon must cleanse the wound at once.
6. To take too much medicine is always harmful.
7. To relieve pressure on the brain and treat this condition a catheter is used.
Exercise 4.
1. The last step of palpation is to palpate both radial arteries simultaneously in order to determine their volume.
2. Once we have developed more effective antibiotic against this bacterium, the next step is to prevent gastritis.
3. The function of cerebellum is to aid in the coordination of voluntary movements and to maintain balance and muscular tone.
4. The first aim of any treatment is to remove the cause of the disease.
5. The object of any system of ventilation is to provide fresh and pure air.
6. The first step in treatment of rickets is to meet the demand of vitamin K.
7. His wish is to be discharged from the hospital as soon as possible.
Exercise 5.
1. Infection of wounds is to be prevented by careful disinfection of surgeons’ hands.
2. The student was allowed to examine the patient.
3. Transfusion of incompartable blood may produce a post-transfusion shock.
4. The patient wanted to consult a specialist.
5. The district doctor is to begin his consultation in time.
6. The patient began to recover after operation.
7. The blood pressure started to rise slowly and approached control level after two minutes.
8. Drinking water has to be under sanitation control in accordance with special rules.
9. We have to pay attention to the prevention of infectious diseases.
10. Rickets is a disease of childhood when bones are forming but fail to receive important minerals for growth.
11. When the child was ill, he himself used to make injections.
Exercise 6.
1. The chief function of the kidneys is to separate fluid and certain solids from blood.
2. His intention is to demonstrate the results of the experiments.
3. Further steps are to depend on the general condition of the patient.
4. His headache was to be taken into consideration.
5. Postoperative complications are to be expected in any of the extensive surgical procedures.
6. Every lesion was to be removed.
7. The function of gastrointestinal tract is to eliminate the materials, which are unable to be absorbed by the small intestine.
8. This tumor owing to its site and size is to be excised.
Exercise 7.
1. Some patients help the nurses to care for the bedridden patients.
2. The patient is asked to report in which ear the sound is heard louder.
3. The sense of smell helps us to detect improper food.
4. The doctor allowed the patient to walk during the routine treatment.
5. He reported to have seen a similar case in another hospital.
6. Hemoglobin is an important protein in erythrocytes, which helps to carry the oxygen as it travels through the bloodstream.
Exercise 8.
1. He had the opportunity to visit a dentist.
2. He was the first to come in time.
3. We have got the opportunity to see a large number of children with severe valvular deformity.
4. Every intake of the drug produced vomiting impossible to control.
5. The important point to remember is that benign essential hypertension is much commoner than malignant.
6. One of the criteria to determine antiarrhythmic activity of glucagon was the return of ventricular tachycardia spontaneously.
7. The experiment to be made at our Institute will be very interesting.
8. Measures to be taken to protect the health of people are various.
9. The disinfection of the skin of the region to be operated on is carried out carefully.
10. The acuteness of pain is a factor to be taken into consideration in the use of analgesics.
11. The actual mechanism of pointing therapy is still a problem to be discussed.
12. This nurse is a person to be fully relied upon.
13. The amount of plasma to be given in cases of burns depends on the condition of shock and the area of burn.
Exercise 9.
1. To be admitted to medical practice one has to graduate from some Medical Institute.
2. What can be done in order to prevent such accidents?
3. It was very difficult to keep the patient quiet.
4. To exclude this way of administration is sometimes impossible in case of acute and serious illness.
5. To protect the patients from the secondary infection it is advisable to send them to bed at the beginning of the grippe.
6. The only treatment is to keep the child as quiet as possible giving him sedatives.
7. Here is the list of medicines, which are not to be sold without a prescription.
8. Blood count that reveals increased number of monocytes permits to establish a correct diagnosis.
9. Nerve impulses fail to induce normal muscle contraction.
10. They decided to perform the operation immediately.
11. A simple way to check patency of the nasal cavity is to bring a gauze thread to the patient’s nostrils in turn and ask him to inhale and exhale.
12. These methods of treating wounds completely eliminated the danger of infecting wounds to be operated on.
Exercise 10.
1. The surgeon took a scalpel to make a midline abdominal incision.
2. When physicians started to control diseases, they were faced with a number of infections.
3. It may be impossible to make a correct diagnosis at the early stage of the disease.
4. To identify the virus causing human influenza, serologic tests are made.
5. A number of infectious diseases have been eradicated, but influenza continues to be a problem.
6. This is the patient to be given general anesthesia.
7. To inspect the left ear, the examiner pulls the auricle by the right hand and inserts the speculum by the left one.
8. Surgeon Massillon must be operating on the patient with a perforative appendicitis now.
9. To cure advanced cases of cancer is hardly possible.
10. To determine the type of fracture, the external nose is examined, the nasal bridge and slops are palpated, and the anterior rhinoscopy is performed.
11. The stitches are to be removed on the seventh postoperative day.
12. The doctor prescribed him 0.5 gr. of aspirin to be taken orally twice a day.
13. To prove that frozen and desiccated tumor cells survive, the author carried out a lot of experiments.
14. To read medical literature in English is very useful for a young doctor.
15. Nobody could make an injection to the child and a nurse had to be sent for.
16. This diagnostic method may be used to provide precise description of any anatomic abnormality in the heart.
17. Any ectodermal tissue is to be regarded as a potential source of malignant growth.
18. I remember to have been prescribed this ointment for skin irritation.
19. The walls of arteries are thin enough to allow passage of oxygen out of the bloodstream and into the tissue fluid.
20. This condition is due to damaged valves, which fail to prevent the back flow of blood.
21. The method of treatment to be selected depends upon the type of infection.
22. To be operated on successfully is to be operated on without any complications.
23. Two of twelve patients had endocrine adenomas and are to be discussed.
24. It was necessary to stop bleeding immediately to save his life.
25. To save the patient from unpleasant sensations, the speculum, which is to be removed from the nasal cavity, should be open.
26. The first thing the physician is to learn is why the patient comes to the doctor.
27. The dentist may be the first to discover a benign or malignant tumor in the pharynx.
28. To be able to institute the definite treatment, a physician is to have recent laboratory data.
29. The physician who has to differentiate Vincent’s angina from more dangerous diseases with similar symptoms must take the ulcerated tonsil and the patch at its base into consideration.
30. To use the intravenous route for injection is indicated when one has to deal with certain sera, which are effective only if given intravenously.
ИНФИНИТИВНЫЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ
Exercise 1.
Выделите инфинитивную конструкцию Complex Subject. Переведите предложения:
1. Acute appendicitis is thought to be due to disordered peristaltic action.
2. A patient was said to have a renal failure.
3. Jaundice is known to cause inflammatory changes and degeneration of hepatic cells.
4. Blood transfusion is known to produce post transfusion reactions such as fever, chills, etc.
5. The inner hair cells are believed to be responsible for the accurate localization of sound.
6. The spiral organ of the ear is considered to perform the role of detector.
7. Glucagon has been reported to increase the velocity of A-V conduction without increasing ventricular automacity.
8. Eight years previously to this admission the patient had been discovered to have diabetes mellitus.
9. The number of possible diseases appears to be increasing with time.
10. The exposure to cold of various body areas, sometimes quite distant from the nose, is known to cause acute rhinitis.
11. The tumor appeared to have had its origin in the bone.
12. She was thought to have metastases to the liver.
13. These patients are believed to be discharged soon.
14. The wound was found to be healing well.
15. Hyperactive children appear to have the normal range of intelligence, but they cannot sit still long enough to learn.
16. The nasal septum is normally straight at birth and is believed to deviate during the growth of the facial bones.
17. Hypothalamus is believed to stimulate the hypophysis to secrete its hormones.
18. Curative surgery was undertaken most often in the cases in which the disease was considered to be localized.
19. Parotitis was found to be followed by pancreatitis.
20. Although blood tests and breath tests to detect Helicobacter exist, they are not expected to become commercially available for two years. Furthermore, researchers are likely to face continued resistance from main practitioners.
Exercise 2.
Замените сложноподчиненные предложения простыми, употребив конструкцию Complex Subject. Переведите предложения:
Ex.: It is known, that acute appendicitis is a dangerous disease.
Acute appendicitis is known to be a dangerous disease.
1. It is known that blood transfusion is indicated for some patients to be operated on.
2. It has been found that blood transfusion produces good results in patients with purulent and septic processes.
3. It is considered that disorders of cardiac function, severe lesions of kidneys and liver, active
form of tuberculosis, pneumonia, and hypertension are contraindications for blood transfusion.
4. It is thought that the change for the worse of the patient’s general condition indicates blood incompatibility.
5. It is believed that constant fatigue contributes to the onset of gastritis.
6. It appeared that the characteristic clinical manifestations of the disease were haemorrhage, vomiting,
andnausea.
7. It is likely that your son has measles.
8. It is certain that a source of infection of the flu is a sick man.
9. It is likely that the wound will heal in about a week.
10. It appears that most bite cases have occurred indoors.
11. It was seen that the patient had changed for the worse since his last examination.
Exercise 3.
Замените простые предложения с конструкцией Complex Subject сложноподчиненными. Переведите предложения:
Ex.: Exacerbation of duodenal ulcers is known to occur in spring and autumn.