Билет Legends and fairy tales as a small epic genres
A fairy tale (pronounced /ˈfeəriˌteɪl/) is a type of short story that typically features folkloric fantasy characters, such as dwarves, elves,fairies, giants, gnomes, goblins, mermaids, trolls, or witches, and usually magic or enchantments. Fairy tales may be distinguished from other folk narratives such as legends (which generally involve belief in the veracity of the events described)[1] and explicitly moral tales, including beast fables. The term is mainly used for stories with origins in European tradition and, at least in recent centuries, mostly relates to children's literature.
it is used especially of any story that not only is not true, but could not possibly be true. Legends are perceived as real; fairy tales may merge into legends; they take place once upon a time rather than in actual times
Fairy tales are found in oral and in literary form; the name "fairy tale" was first ascribed to them by Madame d'Aulnoy in the late 17th century. Many of today's fairy tales have evolved from centuries-old stories that have appeared, with variations, in multiple cultures around the world.[4] Folklorists have classified fairy tales in various ways. The Aarne-Thompson classification system and the morphological analysis ofVladimir Propp are among the most notable. Other folklorists have interpreted the tales' significance, but no school has been definitively established for the meaning of the tales.
It moves in an unreal world without definite locality or definite creatures and is filled with the marvelous. In this never-never land, humble heroes kill adversaries, succeed to kingdoms and marry princesses."[7] The characters and motifs of fairy tales are simple and archetypal: princesses and goose-girls; youngest sons and gallant princes; ogres, giants, dragons, and trolls; wicked stepmothers and false heroes; fairy godmothersand other magical helpers, often talking horses, or foxes, or birds; glass mountains; and prohibitions and breaking of prohibitions.[8]
A fairy tale with a tragic rather a happy end is called an anti-fairy tale.
. Tales were told or enacted dramatically, rather than written down, and handed down from generation to generation.
The Golden Ass, which includes Cupid and Psyche (Roman, 100–200 AD),[30] or the Panchatantra
Arabian Nights
Vikram and the Vampire, and Bel and the Dragon.
Jack Zipes writes in When Dreams Came True,
"There are fairy tale elements in Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales,
Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene,
William Shakespeare plays."[32] King Lear can be considered a literary variant of fairy tales such asWater and Salt and Cap O' Rushes.[33]
The Facetious Nights of Straparola by Giovanni Francesco Straparola (Italy, 1550 and 1553),
The Love For Three Oranges (1761).
Charles Perrault (1697), who fixed the forms of Sleeping Beautyand Cinderella.
The first collectors to attempt to preserve not only the plot and characters of the tale, but also the style in which they were told, were the Brothers Grimm, collecting German fairy tales; ironically, this meant although their first edition (1812 & 1815)[30] remains a treasure for folklorists, they rewrote the tales in later editions to make them more acceptable, which ensured their sales and the later popularity of their work.[39]
they concluded they were thereby French and not German tales; an oral version of Bluebeard was thus rejected, and the tale of Little Briar Rose, clearly related to Perrault's The Sleeping Beauty, proved that the sleeping princess was authentically Germanic folklore.[40]
The work of the Brothers Grimm influenced other collectors, both inspiring them to collect tales and leading them to similarly believe, in a spirit of romantic nationalism, that the fairy tales of a country were particularly representative of it, to the neglect of cross-cultural influence.
Among those influenced were the Russian Alexander Afanasyev (first published in 1866),[30] the Norwegians Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe (first published in 1845),[30] the Romanian Petre Ispirescu (first published in 1874), the EnglishJoseph Jacobs (first published in 1890),[30] and Jeremiah Curtin, an American who collected Irish tales (first published in 1890).
Legend,traditional story or group of stories told about a particular person or place. Formerly the term legend meant a tale about a saint. Legends resemble folktales in content; they may include supernatural beings, elements of mythology, or explanations of natural phenomena, but they are associated with a particular locality or person and are told as a matter of history.
A legend (Latin, legenda, "things to be read") is a narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to take place within human history and to possess certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. Legend, for its active and passive participants, includes no happenings that are outside the realm of "possibility" but which may include miracles. Legends may be transformed over time, in order to keep it fresh and vital, and realistic.
The Brothers Grimm defined legend as folktale historically grounded.
Legend is a loanword from Old French that entered English usage circa 1340. The Old French noun legende derives from the Medieval Latin legenda.[5] In its early English-language usage, the word indicated a narrative of an event.
In 1866, Jacob Grimm described the fairy tale as "poetic, legend historic."
In an early attempt at defining some basic questions operative in examining folk tales, Friedrich Ranke (de) in 1925[12] characterised the folk legend as "a popular narrative with an objectively untrue imaginary content" a dismissive position that was subsequently largely abandoned.[13]
Legends are tales that, because of the tie to a historical event or location, are believable, though not necessarily believed.
Legends are used as a source of folklore, providing historical information regarding the culture and views of a specific legend's native civilization. "The Vanishing Hitchhiker" is the most popular and well-known American legend.[23] The traditional tale type involves a young girl in a white dress picked up alongside of the road by a passerby. The unknown girl in white remains silent for the duration of her ride, thanks the driver, and quietly gets out at her destination. When the driver turns to look back, the girl has vanished. Often, a third character is included at the destination to add further suspicion to the girl's existence by informing the driver that no one has been seen all night. "The Vanishing Hitchhiker" and stories like it, display the fears and anxieties of a particular social group. For example, the hitchhiking tale speaks to America's fascination with the road and also the anxieties inherent to traveling.
· Atlantis
· The founding of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital
· Cenodoxus, or the Damnation of the Good Doctor of Paris, told as an event justifying the sanctification of St Bruno
· Celtic Legends
· Don Juan
· El Dorado
· Fountain of Youth
· Holy Grail
· Robin Hood
· Romulus and Remus and the founding of Rome
· Shangri-La
· Táin Bó Flidhais
· Vlad the Impaler; stories of his cruelty have attained legendary status, most likely spread after his death by his enemies.
· William Tell
Epic,long narrative poem recounting heroic deeds, although the term has also been loosely used to describe novels, such as Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace, and motion pictures, such as Sergey Eisenstein’s Ivan the Terrible. In literary usage, the term encompasses both oral and written compositions. The prime examples of the oral epic are Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. Outstanding examples of the written epic include Virgil’s Aeneid and Lucan’s Pharsalia in Latin, Chanson de Roland in medieval French, Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando furioso and Torquato Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata in Italian, Cantar de mio Cid in Spanish, and John Milton’s Paradise Lost andEdmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene in English. There are also seriocomic epics, such as the Morgante of a 15th-century Italian poet, Luigi Pulci, and the pseudo-HomericBattle of the Frogs and Mice.
in fact, born of an oral tradition. It is on the oral tradition of the epic form that this article will focus.
General characteristics
An epic may deal with such various subjects as myths, heroic legends, histories, edifying religious tales, animal stories, or philosophical or moral theories. Epicpoetry has been and continues to be used by peoples all over the world to transmit their traditions from one generation to another, without the aid of writing. These traditions frequently consist of legendary narratives about the glorious deeds of their national heroes.
- 37. Language and Speech
- Language is different from speech.
- Languageis made up of socially shared rules that include the following:
- What words mean (e.g., "star" can refer to a bright object in the night sky or a celebrity)
- How to make new words (e.g., friend, friendly, unfriendly)
- How to put words together (e.g., "Peg walked to the new store" rather than "Peg walk store new")
- What word combinations are best in what situations ("Would you mind moving your foot?" could quickly change to "Get off my foot, please!" if the first request did not produce results)
- Speechis the verbal means of communicating. Speech consists of the following:
- Articulation
- How speech sounds are made (e.g., children must learn how to produce the "r" sound in order to say "rabbit" instead of "wabbit").
- Voice
- Use of the vocal folds and breathing to produce sound (e.g., the voice can be abused from overuse or misuse and can lead to hoarseness or loss of voice).
- Fluency
- The rhythm of speech (e.g., hesitations or stuttering can affect fluency).
- When a person has trouble understanding others (receptive language), or sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely (expressive language), then he or she has alanguage disorder.
- When a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice, then he or she has a speech disorder.
- In our example, Tommy has a speech disorderthat makes him hard to understand. If his lips, tongue, and mouth are not moved at the right time, then what he says will not sound right. Children who stutter, and people whose voices sound hoarse or nasal have speech problems as well.
- In linguistics, speechiscommunication through spoken words.
- The study of speech sounds (or spoken language) is the branch of linguistics known asphonetics. The study of sound changes in a language is phonology.
Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly thehuman ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics
Билет
Literary words serve to satisfy communicative demands of official, scientific, poetic messages, while the colloquial ones are employed in non-official everyday communication. Though there is no immediate correlation between the written and the oral forms of speech on the one hand, and the literary and colloquial words, on the other, yet, for the most part, the first ones are mainly observed in the written form, as most literary messages appear in writing
The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words:
1. common literary; 2. terms and learned words; 3. poetic words; 4. archaic words; 5. barbarisms and foreign words; 6. literary coinages including nonce-words.