Для выполнения данных упражнений изучите следующие разделы английской грамматики: модальные глаголы, степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий, артикль и модальные глаголы.
Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции: Контрольные работы и задания на межсессионный период для бакалавров заочной формы обучения
Английский язык
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы.
| Английский язык | Русский перевод |
| OTHER TIMES - OTHER MANNERS In order to understand why a particular country has a particular legal system, it is necessary to look at its history, political structure and social values. When there is political and social upheaval, one of the main concerns of a new government is to revise the legal system. Britain has had an unusual degree of political continuity. Despite civil wars in the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries and enormous social changes associated with industrialization, England and Wales have retained many laws and legal principles that originated eight centuries ago. On the other hand, most of the law of Japan, which experienced the rapid upheaval of the Meiji Restoration and foreign occupation after the Second World War, was developed within the last century. Each country in the world, even each state of the United States, has its own system of law. However it is generally true to say that there are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common law, and has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States. The other tradition, sometimes known as Continental, or Roman law, was developed in most of continental Europe, Latin America and many countries in Asia and Africa, which have been strongly influenced by Europe. Continental law has also influenced Japan and several socialist countries. | ДРУГИЕ ВРЕМЕНА – ДРУГИЕ МАНЕРЫ Для того, чтобы понять, почему та или иная страна имеет определенную правовую систему, необходимо посмотреть на его историю, политическую структуру и социальные ценности. Когда есть политические и социальные потрясения, одна из главных проблем нового правительства - пересмотреть правовую систему. Британия имела необычную степень политической преемственности. Несмотря на гражданские войны в пятнадцатом и семнадцатом веках, и огромные социальные изменения, связанные с индустриализацией, Англия и Уэльс сохранили много законов и правовых принципов, которые возникли восемь веков назад. С другой стороны, большая часть закона Японии, которая испытала быстрый переворот Реставрации Мэйдзи и иностранной оккупации после Второй мировой войны, был разработан в прошлом веке. Каждая страна в мире, даже каждый штат Соединенных Штатов, имеет свою собственную правовую систему. Однако в целом справедливо сказать, что существуют две основные традиции права в мире. Одна из них базируется на английском общем праве, и была принята многими странами Содружества наций, и большинство из Соединенных Штатов. Другая традиция, которую иногда называют Континентальной, или традицией римского права, была разработана в большинстве стран континентальной Европы, Латинской Америки и во многих странах Азии и Африки, которые были под сильным влиянием Европы. Континентальное право также оказывало влияние на Японию и некоторые социалистические страны. |
- What should we do if we want to understand why a particular country has a particular legal system? – If we want to understand why a particular country has a particular legal system, we should look at its history, political structure and social values.
- When was most of the law of Japan developed within the last century? - Most of the law of Japan was developed in period of upheaval of the Meiji Restoration and foreign occupation after the Second World War.
- Where was Roman law developed? - Continental, or Roman law, was developed in most of continental Europe, Latin America and many countries in Asia and Africa, which have been strongly influenced by Europe.
- How many main traditions of law are there in the world? - There are two main traditions of law in the world.
- Where are they based? - One is based on English Common law, and Continental is based on Roman law.
- Задание 2. Истинно или ложно высказывание (и/л)
1. A particular legal system is closely connected with the history, political structure, and social values of the country. - истинно
2. The legal system is fixed once and forever. - ложно
3. The law system is a universal thing. -истинно
4. Roman law has developed in the United States. - ложно
5. Japan, being isolated from the Continent, wasn't influenced by any of the world traditions of law. - ложно
Задание 3. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите его на русский язык.
| Английский текст | Русский перевод |
| CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CASES Crime is a violation of a law that forbids or commands an activity. Such as murder, rape, arson are on the books of every country. Because crime is a violation of public order, the government prosecutes criminal cases. Courts decide both criminal and civil cases. Civil cases stem from claims to something of value. Disputes arise from accidents, contract obligations, and divorce, for example. Most countries make a rather clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures. For example, an English criminal court may force a defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and he may sometimes have to pay the legal costs of the prosecution. But the victim of the crime pursuits his claim for compensation in a civil, not a criminal, action. Criminal and civil procedures are different. Although some systems, in the English law, allow a private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution to another citizen, criminal actions are nearly always started by the state. Civil procedures, on the other hand, are usually started by individuals. Some courts, such as the English Magistrates Courts and the Japanese Family Court, deal with both civil and criminal matters. Others, such as the English Crown Court, deal exclusively with one or the other. In Anglo-American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases the state) is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff. In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant. A criminal case against a person called Ms. Brown would be described as "The People vs. (versus, or against) Brown" in the United States and "R. (Regina, that is, the Queen) vs. Brown" in England. But a civil action between Ms. Brown and Mr. Smith would be "Brown vs. Smith" if it was started by Brown, and "Smith vs. Brown" if it was started by Mr. Smith. Evidence from a criminal trial is not necessarily admissible as evidence in a civil action about the same matter. For example, the victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the crime of careless driving. He still has to prove his case in a civil action. In fact he may be able to prove his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in the criminal trial. Once the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main argument in a civil court is about the amount of money, or damages, the defendant should pay to the plaintiff. | Уголовные и гражданские дела Преступление является нарушением закона, который запрещает или сдерживает деятельность. Такие, как убийство, изнасилование, поджог находятся в досье судебных документов каждой страны. Поскольку преступление является нарушением общественного порядка, правительство расследует уголовные дела. Суды решают как уголовные, так и гражданские дела. Гражданские дела вытекают из претензий к чему-то ценному. Споры возникают в результате несчастных случаев, договорных обязательств, и развода, например. Большинство стран делают довольно четкое различие между гражданскими и уголовными процедурами. Например, английский уголовный суд может вынудить ответчика выплатить штраф в качестве наказания за его преступления, и он иногда может быть должным оплатить судебные издержки обвинения. Но жертва преступления преследует свое требование о компенсации в гражданском, а не уголовном судебном процессе. Уголовные и гражданские процедуры различны. Хотя некоторые системы, в английском праве, позволяют частному лицу возбудить уголовное предъявление иска другому гражданину, уголовные действия почти всегда начинались государством. Гражданские процедуры, с другой стороны, обычно запускаются отдельными лицами. Некоторые суды, такие как английские суды магистратов и японские суды по семейным делам, имеют дело с гражданскими и уголовными делам. Другие, такие как английский королевский суд, имеют дело исключительно с одним или с другим. В англо-американском праве, сторона по делу, возбуждающая уголовное дело (то есть, в большинстве случаев государство) называется обвинение, но сторона по делу, подающая гражданский иск является истец. В обоих видах действия другая сторона известна в качестве ответчика. Возбуждено уголовное дело в отношении лица, называемого г-жа Браун будет описано как "Народ против Браун" в Соединенных Штатах и Королева против Браун" в Англии , Но гражданский иск между госпожой Браун и господином Смит будет "Браун против Смита", если он был запущен Браун, и «Смит против Брауна", если он был запущен господином Смит. Данные из уголовного процесса не обязательно принимаются в качестве доказательства в гражданском деле о том же. Например, жертва дорожно-транспортного происшествия непосредственно не выиграет, если водитель, который ранил его признан виновным в совершении преступления при неосторожном вождении. Он прежде должен будет доказать свою правоту в гражданском иске. На самом деле он может доказать свое гражданское дело даже тогда, когда водитель был признан невиновным в уголовном процессе. После того, как истец доказал, что ответчик несет ответственность, главный аргумент в гражданском суде - сумма денег, или ущерб, который ответчик должен выплатить истцу. |
Грамматические упражнения
Для выполнения данных упражнений изучите следующие разделы английской грамматики: модальные глаголы, степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий, артикль и модальные глаголы.
Упражнение 1. Употребите модальный глагол в следующих предложениях.
1. Who can answer my question?
2. Nobody could translate this text.
3. He ought to do this task at once.
4. Must I attend this meeting? - No, you needn't.
5. You should have shown your notes to the teacher.
6. I asked him, but he wouldn't listen to me.
7. They should have visited her, she was in the hospital.
8. Last summer we would often go to the country.-
9. You son can do this work yourself.
10. Would you tell me the way to the station?
11. You should have helped us but you didn't.
12. May I leave for a while? - Yes, you may
13. She should be more attentive to her work.
14. You needn't come so early.
Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. We have to stay at home. – Мы должны остаться дома.
2. He was allowed to take this book. – Ему разрешили взять книгу
3. Who is able to do this work? -Кто может сделать эту работу.
4. He had to leave for Moscow earlier. –Он должен был уехать в Москву пораньше.
5. We are to take exams in June. –Мы должны сдавать экзамены в Июне.
6. Are they allowed to visit you? - Им разрешили посетить вас?
7. They were able to do this work in time. Они были в состоянии сделать эту работу вовремя.
8. I'll be able to pass my examinations. – У меня будет возможность сдать экзамены.
9. She'll be allowed to watch TV. Ей разрешат смотреть телевизор .
10. I have to come in time.Я должен прийти вовремя.
11. The train is to come soon. Поезд должен прийти в ближайшее время.
12. Will you be able to drive a car?Сможете ли вы водить машину?
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски соответствующими модальными глаголами:
(must, should, would, ought to, have to, needn't, can, could, may).
1. They сan not do this work themselves. 2. You may take my dictionary. 3. You don't look well, you should consult the doctor. 4. She can not speak any foreign language. 5. My friend lives a long way from his office and has to get up early. 6. "Shall we discuss this question now?" - "No, we need not 7. He ought to help them, they need his help. 8. I'm glad you can come. 9.Can you tell me the time? 10 Must I go with you? No, you needn't 11. You should have told me about it. 12. Why must I help him if he doesn't want it?
Упражнение 4. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степень от
следующих прилагательных и наречий.
1. Large - larger - (the) largest ,
2. Tall – taller – (the) tallest
3. Long – longer – (the) longest,
4. Easy - easier – (the) easiest,
5. hot - hotter - (the) hottest,
6. big - bigger - (the) biggest,
7. Cold – colder - the coldest,
8. Nice –nicer – (the) nicest
9. Bad – worse - worst,
10.Strong -stronger - (the) strongest
11.Short – shorter – the (shortest)
12. wide, -wider- the widest
13. Good – better (the) best
14. Happy - happier - (the) happiest ,
15. High –higher – (the) highest
16. Low – lower-lowest
17. Busy – busier - (the) busiest ,
18.Well - better – best
19.Little – less-least,
20.Many – more-most
21.Far- farther-farthest.
22.Wonderful – more Wonderful – most Wonderful
23 necessary - more necessary – most necessary ,
23. Quickly – more Quickly – most Quickly ,
24. Interesting - more Interesting- most Interesting,
25. Comfortable – more comfortable – most Comfortable,
26. Popular - more popular- most popular
27. Active – more active – most active,
28. Famous – more famous – most famous,
29. Pleasant – more pleasant- most pleasant,
30. Beautiful – more beautiful –most beautiful,
31. Slowly slower / more slowly – slowest / most slowly
32. Clearly – more clearly – most clearly.
Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную степень сравнения
прилагательного/наречия.
1. Winter is the coldest season of the year. 2. Moscow is larger than St.Petersburg. 3. Which is the longest day of the year? 4. The Alps are the highest mountains in Europe. 5. Even the longest day has an end. 6. It is one of most important questions of our conference. 7. Your English is better now. 8. Who knows him better than you? 9. We have less interest in this work than you. 10. Health is better than wealth. 11. He worked the best of all. 12. Today he worked more slowly than usually, 13. The Russian grammar is more difficult than the English one.
Упражнение 6. Вставьте артикли a, an, the где они необходимы.
1. This is a pencil. The pencil is red. 2. She is a manager. 3. There are many flowers in your garden. The flowers are beautiful. 4. Did you write a plan? Give me your plan, please. 5.The Black Sea is in the South of Russia. 6.The Petrovs are very friendly. 7. This is Ann's book. 8. What a fine day it is today! 9.1 don't know a way to the station. 10. Usually I get up at 7 o'clock in the morning. 11. Will you have a cup of tea? 12 Warsaw is the capital of Poland.
Упражнение 7. Вставьте артикль the, где он необходим.
1. Do you live near the school?
2. What is the largest city in world?
3. This street is the longest in town.
4. What city is the capital of United States?
5. What did you have for lunch?
6. Peter is the tallest in class.
7. We came into the nearest shop.
S. Take a pen and make the exercise in written form.
9. In spring the sky is blue and sun is shining.
10. Spring is the best time for planting.
Упражнение 8. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
William Shakespeare, the greatest English playwright, was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon in England. Stradford is a small country town in a farming district near the centre of England. The Avon, which is a pretty river with grass and trees all along its banks, runs through Stratford. Not much is known of Shakespeare’s father. He was a farmer who, at different times of his life of, sold meat and bought and sold wool. He was poor and was often in money difficulties. Very little is known about the life of his only son William also. The little house in which the great writer was born still stands. It is now a museum. William went to school in Stratford. In 1586 he went to London. Probably the first work he did there was at one of the two theaters that there were in London at that time. Then he became an actor and soon began to write plays for the company of actors to which he belonged. Shakespeare bought the largest house in his home time in 1597, but he didn’t spend much time there till 1610. He spent the last years of his life mostly in Stratford, but he often visited London. He died in 1616.