NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION BUREAU

Criminal and fingerprint records are among the most important aids in fighting crime and are centralised in the National Identification Bureau at New Scotland Yard. From there a service is provided to all police forces in the country under strict security arrangements.

Headed by a Commander, the National Identification Bureau consists of two parts, the National Criminal Records Office and the National Fingerprint Office.

Fingerprints

The functions of the National Fingerprint Office are:

1. To maintain the national fingerprint records.

2. To put fingerprint information on to the Police National Computer fingerprint file.

3. To compare the fingerprints of persons arrested for criminal offences against the National Fingerprint Collection to identify the individual.

4. To file the fingerprints received from the Governors of Her Majesty's Prisons.

5. To provide help in the investigation of certain crimes and assist in the identification of cadavers and persons suffering from amnesia.

Records

The functions of the National Criminal Records Office are:

1. To receive notification of people arrested for specified criminal offences. Where identity is established the police officers concerned are notified and provided with details of any previous convictions. Where identity is not established, a record is created.

2. To keep a record of all people who have been convicted of, or are waiting trial for, specified criminal offences.

3. To remove the records of anyone who, having no previous convictions, is acquitted of the offences which have been notified.

4. To provide reference details on the names file and the convictions file of the Police National Computer of anyone recorded in the Bureau.

5. To circulate details of stolen property or people wanted, or suspected of crime.

6. To supply photofit kits to all police forces in the United Kingdom. These kits comprise over 700 photographic components from which over one million photofit impressions can be compiled.

Storage

There are over 5,000,000 records kept on a microfilm system, copies of which are provided to operational police officers on request. The fingerprint impressions are stored as electronic images on videotape. When impressions are required for comparison purposes they are retrieved with the aid of the computers and presented for viewing on visual display units. In addition the original fingerprint impressions are kept on a manual basis.

Disclosure

The Bureau provides a 24-hour service and handles about 1,000,000 enquiries a year, by post, telephone and computer link. Information is given only to serving U.K. police officers needing help in their investigations. The identity of each caller is carefully checked and replies are only given by making a return call to the enquirer's telephone number - which is also checked to ensure it belongs to an authorised user.

The supply of police information about convictions is governed by the general principle that no information is given to anyone outside the police service, however responsible, unless there are weighty considerations of public interest which justify departure from the general rule.

Варіант №3.

ПЛАН РОБОТИ

1. Прочитайте та письмово перекладіть текст.

2. Поставте 10 запитань до тексту.

3. Складіть речення зі словами, які підкреслені в тексті. Вкажіть час та спосіб, підкресліть підмет та присудок. Перекладіть речення .

4. Підберіть статтю на юридичну тему (на рідній мові). Напишіть англійською мовою про що говориться в статті (-20 речень). Стаття додається.

5. Напишіть розповідне, питальне (загальне, спеціальне) та заперечне речення в :

Present Indefinite Tense (Active Voice), (Passive Voice).

Past Indefinite Tense (Active Voice), (Passive Voice).

Future Indefinite Tense (Active Voice), (Passive Voice). Напишіть переклад речень.

6. Напишіть тему “I, my hobbies and my family“ та не менше 8 речень англійською мовою чому ви поступили до ОДУВС.

7. Напишіть прислів’я (10) англійською мовою , їх переклад та запам’ятайте їх.

8. Список літератури.

9. Підпис.

FINGERPRINTS

Very many books and scientific papers have been published on the subject of Fingerprints, and reference to 'the prints from man's hand' can even be found in the Bible.

The study of the application of fingerprints for useful purposes appears to have started in the latter part of the 17th Century when, in 1684, the anatomist Doctor Nehemiah Grew published a paper on the subject which he illustrated with drawings of various fingerprint patterns. About the same period, in Italy, Professor Malpighi was investigating the functions of the skin.

It was in 1860 that the use of fingerprints as a reliable means of individual identification really started. Sir William Herschel, an administrator in the province of Bengal, India, appreciated the unique nature of fingerprints and established the principle of their persistence. Fingerprints are formed in full detail before birth and remain unchanged throughout life unless they are affected by a deep seated injury. A method of classifying fingerprints and research in this field was initiated by Sir Francis Galton and Henry Faulds independently at the end of the 19th century.

The Fingerprint Branch at New Scotland Yard, which started with just three people, has expanded over the years and the present Identification Service is now provided by a staff of600 technical and administrative officers. Today, there are two Fingerprint Bureaux at New Scotland Yard, the National Fingerprint Office (which together with the National Criminal Record Office forms the National Identification Bureau) and the Metropolitan Police Scenes of Crime Branch, which incorporates the Fingerprint, Photographic and Scenes of Crime Examination Services.

The importance of having a National Fingerprint Collection has been recognised by all police forces in the United Kingdom even though they have their own local fingerprint bureaux.

Each day, the fingerprints of people who have been sentenced to a term of imprisonment, and those who have been arrested and charged with other than the most minor offences, are sent to New Scotland Yard for processing. The fingerprints of those who are not subsequently convicted are, of course, destroyed.

One of the primary functions of the National Fingerprint Office is to establish whether the person has a previous record. After a name check has been made, the enquiry fingerprints are compared with the master set of any suggested match. If this proves negative, the fingerprints are coded and the coding transmitted to the Police National Computer at Hendon.

The coding of the enquiry prints is analysed by the computer and only those criminals whose prints could possibly match are listed as respondents on a computer print-out.

Until recently, Identification Officers would make a comparison of the enquiry with the paper fingerprint forms of the respondents, which are all filed in the National Fingerprint Collection, in order to establish whether any computer suggestion was positive.

Within the organisation of the Scenes of Crime Branch there operates a field force of 200 Identification Officers and Scenes of Crime Officers who are responsible for examining Scenes of Crime throughout the Metropolitan Police District. Scenes of serious crime are examined for fingerprints by Senior Identification Officers. The function of these officers is to detect and record any finger and palm marks which an offender may have left at the scene. They also retrieve forensic clues, e.g. blood samples, shoe marks etc., which are then forwarded to the Forensic Science Laboratory for analysis.

Finger and palm marks are sent to the Metropolitan Police Scenes of Crime Branch at New Scotland Yard where, after various elimination and checking procedures, the finger marks are coded for search on either the Police National Computer (Scenes of Crime System) or the Automatic Fingerprint Recognition System (AFR). The suggested possible fingerprint matches may be compared using the Videofile System or by browsing through the actual fingerprint collections. The Automatic Fingerprint Recognition System is a computerised method of matching fingermarks found at scenes of crime with recorded fingerprints of known offenders. The computer lists, in order of probability, any possible fingerprint matches, but does not itself make any "identical or not identical" decisions. Palm marks are retained for comparison with the palm prints of persons suspected of committing the crime. Final comparisons between crime scene marks and offenders prints and decisions as to the identity are carried out by identification Officers.

One of the earliest cases involving the use of fingerprint evidence was in 1905, when a thumb print left on a cash box at the scene of a murder in Deptford of shopkeepers Mr and Mrs Farrow, was identified as belonging to Alfred Stratton, one of two brothers. As a result of this identification they were jointly charged with the crime and subsequently hanged.

Since then, fingerprint identification has played an important role in many major crime investigations, including such cases as the Great Train Robbery in 1963 and, the sad case of Lesley Whittle, who was found brutally murdered in a drainage shaft in Kidsgrove in 1975 and, the intriguing case of the "Stockwell Strangled who was responsible for the murders of eleven pensioners, in 1986.

Apart from the technical assistance which is given by Fingerprint Staff in the investigation of crime, positive identification by means of fingerprints has given vital help in cases of serious accidents: for example train and plane crashes. They have also been valuable in identifying people who have suffered from amnesia.

Like any other major organisation, the Identification Services are always seeking ways of improving the service provided. Although computerisation leads to greater efficiency, it cannot replace the individual expertise of trained Identification Officers and the final decision as to identity which is always made by a qualified Fingerprint Expert.

Варіант №4.

ПЛАН РОБОТИ

1. Прочитайте та письмово перекладіть текст.

2. Поставте 10 запитань до тексту.

5. Напишіть розповідне, питальне (загальне, спеціальне) та заперечне речення в :

Present Indefinite Tense (Active Voice), (Passive Voice).

Past Indefinite Tense (Active Voice), (Passive Voice).

Future Indefinite Tense (Active Voice), (Passive Voice). Напишіть переклад речень.

6. Напишіть тему “I, my hobbies and my family“ та не менше 8 речень англійською мовою чому ви поступили до ОДУВС.

7. Напишіть прислів’я (10) англійською мовою , їх переклад та запам’ятайте їх.

8. Список літератури.

9. Підпис.

THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF A CITIZEN

Basically every citizen has the freedom to do and say anything, if it is not against the law. The most important freedom possessed by everyone is physical freedom. This normally means the freedom to live, freedom from assault, from arbitrary arrest and unlawful detention, There is also a right to possess property. This is preserved in the restrictions the law places on theft and damage.

Hand in hand with this is the right a person has to protect both his life and his property. This right is not absolute but confined to using only that force necessary and reasonable. Thus homicide may well be justifiable if that is the only way life can be protected but it is not justifiable to kill a thief who is fleeing.

One of the most frequently claimed "rights" is freedom of speech. This does not mean that you are free to say what you like when you like and where you like. It does mean that you can speak as you please provided it is not in a manner prohibited by law.

These laws are not designed to oppress, but to safeguard other people's freedoms. The restrictions on the freedom of speech include slander, libel and the laws governing the use of insulting, threatening or abusive language or whereby racial hatred might be provoked.

Allied to freedom of speech is the right to march and demonstrate. The freedom to demonstrate is not a right conferred by law as many people believe, but exists because demonstrating is not prohibited by law. However, because demonstrating is not against the law it does not confer the right to people who might be demonstrating to break other laws, notably obstructing free passage along the highway. Legislation has conferred the right to picket peacefully during an industrial or trade dispute, but this right is not extended to other disputes or demonstrations and again it does not permit those involved to break the law.

There is no such thing as complete freedom, but a free society consists of a number of freedoms each of which may be restricted to some extent by legislation. These restrictions are embodied in the law and it is the function of police to enforce these laws. Any reduction in the ability of police to enforce them results in a reduction in the freedom of every member of society.

So much for your main “rights” as a citizen, but how are they to be protected?

Sir James Fitzjames Stephen writing in A History of the Criminal Law of England' in the nineteenth century said “A Policeman has no other right as to asking questions or compelling the attendance of witnesses than a private person has; in a word, with a few exceptions, he may be described as a person paid to perform as a matter of duty acts, which if he so minded, he might have done voluntarily”. This is still, in general, the position today.

The British system of policing relies heavily on public co-operation and approval. Essentially the authority of the police is little different from that of the rest of the community. Since this system depends heavily on co-operation from the community it is important for citizens to realise that they have duties as well as rights. It is the duty of a citizen to obey the law, to keep the peace and to assist the police.

It is this general duty to assist police which causes a few people problems, but this should not be so. The police act for the good of society as a whole. If a person sees a crime being committed, or knows the whereabouts of a criminal who is wanted or has committed a crime, it is not 'telling tales' to inform the police. By helping police we are helping preserve the rights and freedoms of other members of society.

When looking at ways of helping police it is not intended that members of the public involve themselves in situations where there is personal danger. There are many ways they can help without personal risk, such as by promptly informing police of criminal acts, by being prepared to give evidence in Court, by taking measures to safeguard their own property and by willingly co-operating with police when called upon to do so.

It is often thought that the police have a limitless power to arrest people, but this is not the case. With the exception of certain Acts of Parliament which specifically give the police the power to arrest people in particular circumstances, the power of arrest possessed by the police for the more serious crimes is little different from that possessed by other citizens. The essential difference is that while a police officer may arrest (without warrant) if he/she has reasonable suspicion that an arrestable offence has taken place, a private person cannot arrest unless an arrestable offence has actually been committed. An arrestable offence is one which carries a sentence of imprisonment of five years or more for a first offence or is designated as such, e.g., stealing or more serious assaults.

Just because a person has been arrested does not mean he has lost his rights. He has the right to be told why he is being arrested, unless his conduct makes this impossible. Although an arrest is an exercise of force he has the right to be arrested without the use of excessive force. He has the right to remain silent at all times and to be reminded of this right. He has the right to contact a solicitor and a friend if this does not hinder the processes of investigation or the administration of justice.

Historically the responsibility for the maintenance of law and order rested on the citizens of the community. The police are paid to perform this function as a full time duty, which is performed on behalf of the community. While the citizen enjoys certain rights he or she also hasthe duty to ensure nobody suffers any loss of their rights. The most important way to discharge this duty is to actively support his or her police force.

Варіант №5.

ПЛАН РОБОТИ

1. Прочитайте та письмово перекладіть текст.

2. Поставте 10 запитань до тексту.

5. Напишіть розповідне, питальне (загальне, спеціальне) та заперечне речення в :

Present Indefinite Tense (Active Voice), (Passive Voice).

Past Indefinite Tense (Active Voice), (Passive Voice).

Future Indefinite Tense (Active Voice), (Passive Voice). Напишіть переклад речень.

6. Напишіть тему “I, my hobbies and my family“ та не менше 8 речень англійською мовою чому ви поступили до ОДУВС.

7. Напишіть прислів’я (10) англійською мовою , їх переклад та запам’ятайте їх.

8. Список літератури.

9. Підпис.