The Lancaster’s and York’s kings.

MIDDLEEGES.

This Norman Conquest has immediate influence to England, to Christians. He killed all priests. The existed a linguae gap, but an aristocracy speaks in some old French. Диглоссия - одновременное существование в обществе двух языков или двух форм одного языка, применяемых в разных функциональных сферах (как французского и русского языков в дворянском обществе Российского государства в XVIII в.). French Language become the language of law and authority.

Domesday Book – it was a survey of British lands. According on Norma’s society everything was on King.

Feudalism starts approximately in 11-12 centuries. It was related to military services as condition of tenue of land. So broadly speaking it was the system of defendance (защиты).

All country is belong to the crown.

Peasant’s serfs. There was also free man in cities.

It was supposed to protect the kings money – it manors(имение).

Consequences:

1) The political unification of the country.

2) The centralization of the country.

3) The feudal interdefendens (защита).

4) The supreme power of the king and all his vassals

5) The establishment of feudal hierarchy. The father development feudal relationship between the king and population. Deparents (здесь, видимо, Татьяна Сергеевна имеет в виду патриархальную теорию или патронисткое государство).

6) The emergence of the English common law.

7) The creation of the Parliament.

 

The William Conqueror – he confessed – he was sorry of what he has done. Many people was hated him.

The next king was William the second Rufus (рыжий). He was brave, but cruel.

Next – Henry the first. Was educated. He was a good ruler. He made government and tax reforms. He has many bustard’s children – outside the marriage.

These three kings was part of Norman dynasty.

Periods of History:

The Plantagenet’s: Henry 2 to Richard 2

The Lancaster’s and York’s.

The Plantagenet’s: Henry 2 to Richard 2

Henry 2 have the conflict with the church, Thomas Becket is real friend of Archbishop of Canterbury. Thomas Becket was not loyal to the King and was killed by the Henry’s two servants.

Next Richard the lion heart – he never was in Britain. He was in Crusades (крестовые походы). He romanticized because he was a good warrior, but he did not make some good for his country.

John … was unpopular. He did one thing – he signed Magna Carta in 1215. It limited the rights of the crown and extended the power of people. The Magna Carta had imposed taxes on the population and was unpopular. He was a hardworking person.

Henry the third. He was very extravagant. He has a conflict with his parents, and this conflict led to the civil war.

Earl Simon de Montfort – began revolt.

It 1265 they made the king sing the first order of the Parliament. First Parliament was existed. Some common people was in that Parliament – merchants, knights and other.

Edward the first – the hammer of Scots – (бич Шотландцев). He led several wars against Scotland. Wales was conquered in his times. He impose the British rules on Wales. The Scots was proud of independent. He steel the treasure – the steel of destiny (украл шотландскую реликвию этот камень). Он не подчинил шотландцев до конца.

Next king Edward the second – doesn’t good and interesting

Next Edward the third. Cheverly, knights and so on he was a warrior. He begin a hundred year was – which lasted more than one hundred years. The point that he start fighting again the kingdom of France. He starts nationalism between Englishman and Frenchman.

Edward 3 – was the Black Death – the plague (чума). It was sweeping the one third of population of England. Plague of 1348.

Richard the second reign.

1381 – The peasants revolve. As result of Poll Tax. Poll tax was abolished.

His time is described as the spring after the Normans winter. Several architectures was built and was continuous development of the common law and the Parliament.

The English language becomes the language of the whole nation.

They needed the communication of all nation.

Geoffrey Chancer. – Famous for its Canterbury tales.

Richard the second was last king of …

The Lancaster’s and York’s kings.

It was the serious was of roses – serious conflicts of control of England. The Lancaster’s – official symbol the red rose. And symbol York’s if white rose. Many aristocratic families was destroyed completely it was for 30 years. Annihilation. In 1485 this two families was united though the marriage.

William Caxton 1477 – first printing press (первый печатный станок).

General outline of the midleges economy. Most people work on land. The was lands (имения), there was not land of peasants.

It 14-th century the population of Britain almost doubled. There is not enough food and so on. Most people died.

After the Black plague – is not enough people to work on land.

Towns became the centres, were people came to trade. After sometime – they were one of the first free people. The was first association of them. The most important goods that they are exported – wool – bad quality. They produced timber, tar (деготь), fur, Прибалтика). From France it was metal goods, leather.

It the 15-th century England exported wool, lead (свинец) and grain (зерно). England was like an outskirts of Europe of that period. In manufacturing England was very successfully. Christianity brought to England in 3-d century by Romans, before it was the Celtic church.

It was country under the pope. The pope the official leader of the church. In the 14-th century increasing criticism of the church – many priest themselves was not educated. People have to pay money to Church. By Church it was connected to heresy (ересь).

John Wycliffe – he translated the Bible to the normal English to that time. And was condensed as heresy. He decided that the Bible can rewrite everyone. It was before Reformation – and Reformation begin in 15-th century.

The war end in watersheds – marriage of two roses.

The Tudor Age.

The new capitalism – it was the time of the foundation of the capitalism. The Tudor age is the time of Absolut monarchy.

He was very rich king. He imposed taxes and increased treasury (наполнил казну). Были меж династические браки.

The Henry the Eight. He was the wasteful monarch. His treasure was practically empty all the time. Most famous king of England – he is much to do. He has six wife’s. One of the reason he get rid of her (Ekaterina Rozovskaja) – to monastery if that he fall in love to Anne Boleyn. She gave him a daughter. - died.

Jane Seymour – died very young.

The last wife survived.

He was awarded – the defendant of the Faith.

His period is famous for Thomas Cromwell – he robbed monasteries.

 

The Renaissance period. Thomas More write the book about state утопия. He contradict the king and he was beheaded (казнили).

1536 He signed the first union Act of England and Wales.

In the End of 8-th Elizaveta

03.12.16.

The Elisabeth the 1 was not great. Her period was more optimistic, it called Elizabethans period. She was the daughter the Henry the 8. She succeeded. She was a very remarkable and well-educated woman. She spoke several languages. She know Latin. Her period was named golden age in England history. She had a dangerous heritage. Too much enemies – Spain, France. Spain controls Netherlands. France controls the Scotland.

She restored moderate Protestantism of her father. There was short period after Henry the 8 – when she was considered to be a cruel woman. Spain was the greatest rival and have the greatest army of that time.

Боролись против католиков до 18 века начиная с Генриха 8.

Elisabeth understand that Spanish fleet was the most strength in the world. Francis Drack robberies Spanish ships. He attract fleet of Spanish.

August 1588 the Armada of Spanish preparing the invasion of Britain. Nevertheless, it was lucky and English succeeded.

1587-1588 – She have to abdicate (отреклась от престола).

She was executed – ее казнили. Она попросила убежища в Англии и ей было дано убежище (опальная королева Шотландии) – но ее Maria executed. Elisabeth was a young woman and unmarried.

She has 1) religious reforms

2) She defeated the Spanish Armada.

3) Two main problems – unemployment and inflation was in the period of her time. There was too much poor people.

There was poor law – in 16-th century, economic growth was faster.

Elisabeth developed education. Many grammar schools, public schools was developed.

This period is very colourful to literature and art. Shakespeare, Morlo.

The 16-th century we call the Renaissance.

There was a famous person – Francis Bacon. Published to much in mathematics and he was a philosopher. The 16-th was period between medieval to twilight era to a Romantic of progressive era.

She died childless in 1603. Country was very sad. It times of puritanism. It seems as Kalvin views. Church was unnecessary. They did not need crown. They was against absolute monarchy. It was a challenge for country.

Among puritans there was the puts. Some believe to monarchy, some not.

Quin of Scott Marry was executed, but she has a son – he was number 6-th in Scotland and number 1 in England. He is the King James. King James began the Stuart dynasty. He was catholic – the upper class of Protestants did not like Protestants.

1605 – Gunpowder Plot – пороховой заговор. It was the first terrorist attack to the government. A person Fawkes wants to destroy government. However, someone caught him. Occasionally this information was open. Fawkes was hanged. Therefore, it was the celebration of the rescue of King. It was the 5-th November – the holiday.

The second Stuart – King Charles the 1-th (на русском Карл 1, т.к. переводчики не смогли выговорить его имя). During his reining the was English civil war, he was short of money, he have politic of absolutism, his politic led to revolt parts of U.K.

Charles the first was ruling 12 years without the parliament. The parliament was in control of the army. The army was called – New Modern Army. One of commander of Army – Oliver Cromwell – became great leader. He was common people, he wasn’t from aristocratic army. The English New Modern Army decided to capture the king and executed him.

High treason – accusation to the king – за разбазаривание государственных денег. He was beheaded – обезглавили.

They signed the petition of right. – петиция о праве. It’s a major English constitutional document. The specific liberties of the King – что позволяется делать королю, а что нет. This petition was signed in 1628. The restriction was on taxation, on imprisonment without cause (презумпция невиновности), the use of martial law (объявление войны). Oliver Cromwell became the lord-protector of the state. He was the puritan origin, he dislike the idea of absolute monarchy. The house of lords was completely destroyed. He have huge authorities in the army – he was the lord protector. He named his new state – United Commonwealth.

There were period of people of extreme ideology. Such as diggers and levellers. (диггеры и левелеры). Diggers us earth that don’t belong to everyone. It was socialistic ideas. They were not successful to get any rights. Interregnum – the period the was no actual King.

Oliver Cromwell was famous of destroying many monasteries of those times. He decided that a lot of treasure should belong to the government.

Restoration of monarchy – is the next period of history. Who will be the next monarch?

1660 – Charles the second. He was puritan. He loved theatre, new writing appeared. He was more liberal. He gave back Scotland and Ireland. He was more the French then English. He tries to tolerate the catholic.

The great plague 166-th and 1666 was the great fire in London.

John Locke – a political philosopher.

Habeas Corpus act – provide protection of Human rights.

1215 – Magna Carta – protected the Church rights, barons.

1679- Habeas Corpus Act – protection of human’s rights.

1689 – The bill of rights – limits the power of the King.

1701 – That act of Settlement – it settled – the only protestant can succession of the crown.

In the Parliament, they establish the system of two parties – Tory (консерваторы) and Viki – либералы.

Whigs – parliament should have more power. No faith in Stuarts – из Стюардов ничего не выйдет.

Tories – King – more powerful. Lost faith to James the 2.

William and Mary (of Orange) – Оранские.

После Чарльза – был Джеймс второй – плохой король. Парламент решил не приглашать сына от католической жены. А пригласил Марию – её дочь.

William and Mary of Orange – Duchland (Голандия) relatives of last king James the second.

Catholics didn’t have any truth.

Prince from Dutch is William Orange – Вильгельм Оранский. He was signed the Bill of rights.

It’s the end of the 17 century.

The conditions of the bill –1) the legislative and executive power of the monarchs was limited 2) The monarchs could not imposes taxes without agree of parliament 3) The army could be only kept on the parliament permission (расходы на армию только с согласия парламента).

In 1701 signed the act of settlement – which secured Protestants secession to the throne.

This entire situation was called the glorious revolution – славная революция.

It was the readjustment of the government of the government, but in the interest of the rulings class. Simple people don’t connected in this.

During the 17 century a compromise the victory of Parliament. The victory of the rulings class was more obvious through parliament.

17-th century – is the century of wealth, technological revolution and power. Since the start of the century, Britain has two wars. 9-th year war and the war for the Spanish succession (война а Испанское наследие). All the European countries tried to have their Prince on Spanish throne. France, Britain participated. There was battles near Langham – Britain win against French.

John Churchill.

It the beginning of the 17-th century was the act of Union with Scotland in 1707.

The war for the Spanish succession stopped. In English the treaty of the Utrecht – the England – The France and Spain were never to be united (никогда вместе не существовать) – Britain has new territories – Gibraltar, Majorca… Britain became the most power country in the beginning of 18-th century.

The power came to the protestant branch – Hanoverian dynasty from Hanover (Ганновер).

The fist king – the king George the first. England was huge country and have huge external debt.

They have the temporary administration in Parliament.

Robert Volhol. He was considered a hero in Britain. He was a first prime minister. He was in the office for 12 years. He tried to stabilize the financial situation.

He tried to introduce the taxes for tea and coffee. He started the collection of paintings, which now in S. Petersburg.

He continue to be the Prime Minister in King Jorge the second times. During his reign was an attempt to restore the power of Stuarts. Jacobite attempts (якобиты). Stuarts have relatives. The called him bony prince Charles (Stuart). The highlanders was on the repression from Englishmen. Many on thing was prohibited. They use symbol of Prince Charles as a symbol.

King Jorge the 3-d decided to take part that is more active to the rulings of the country. He rained 1776. Declaration of Independence was declared in The US. This king have more problems with the colonies than all kings before him do. The was the motto – no taxation without the representation.

Before that the Boston Tea Party – 1773. Two problems – 1) the financial problem, 2) they didn’t have representatives.

The was the sort of revolution. The USA – in not under British power.

There was a good things – it was a technological and industrial revolution. – Technologically it beginning the 17-th century.

James Watt was Scottish engineer – in 1769 created steam engine. Spinning machine (прядильный станок) – was very important development for Britain. Britain imported raw material from colonies and then exported finished fabric to the colonies. А местное производство душили.

Revolution in transportation. Canals (рукотворные – ударение на последний слог) canal (пролив – на первый слог) together with rivers – connected.

There was the gap between the rich and poor.

Since 1789 the government took measures against working class movements – mass meeting was prohibited.

France declared war to England in 1803. The main conflict was at sea – at Horatio Nelson. In 1805 the Trafalgar battle – the Nelson was win the Spanish. He became the hero.

In 1815 Waterloo – the place of last battle of Napoleon. The Napoleon was frothed to abdicate.

After Napoleon – Canada, most of India, Australia, South Africa – they colonies.

Also Guinea (Гвинея), Цейлон.

William Wartswork – the great classic of English literature. Coleridge. George Biron. Furzy Shelly. John Keats. James Austen.

The 19-th century and the Victorian age (Викторианская эпоха). It was the time of establishment of official police force. The have Bobbies and peelers.

The technological revolution. The social reforms. The situation – new machines and was rising unemployment.

Ned Ludd – (Ну Дитрих) – the leader of unemployment movement against machines. The parliament passed some acts – the limited the power of children. They limited the power of children of 9 years old.

Oliver Twist…

This was called chartist movement. (чартизм) – They supported working people. In 1837 they sight the first petition, which have six points 1) The voting rights for all men, 2) Voting rights – secret votes, 3) A salary for all M’P’ (Members of Parliament), 4) No property qualifications for M.P. 5) a year parliament (годовой срок в парламенте). 6) Equal constituencies for избирательные округа.

There vices for rising more and more. Under this conditions 18-teen years Victoria in 1837 became the Queen of U.K.

The Queen Elisabeth 2 is 90 years old.

The third meeting.

In 1840-th the potato crop died.

There were families in Ireland. Millions of Irish peasants immigrate (flat) to US.

British culture become predominant culture. The other parts of empire is Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

In India, there was a British parliament. Most people intermixed in India. In India there was and still a cast society. Britons an assimilated to the locals.

The empire includes hundreds islands in Caribbean see and Pacific sea. This territory are still important in political and economic sense. Falkland’s islands are controversy territory with Argentina. Falkland islands have referendum. The islanders voted – that they want to be in the UK still in referendum. There was a war because of this island. This territory is allow Britain to claim the part of Antarctic.

A change in Britain towards colonization in 20-th century. They saw it as a matter a destiny. Logically the since of superiority in their roots. The duty is to spread culture around the world. R. Kipling – the white’s man’s burden (бремя белого человека).

19-th century changing in social structure – most lived in cities and towns. Those people who came to cities – there values – hard work, religious absorbance, family life, do one’s duty, and absolute obedience to public power. – It named Victorian features. Queen Victoria is example of the nation. Britons started to resemble the state. The slavery had been abolished. The human rights. There was also some new rules to protect workers.

Queen Victoria – she was more religious, she could be seen as perfect mother and wife. This image, that she created for the royal family – it is problem – all other questions – divorces. It was establishment of moral values.

20-th century. Britain survived 2 W.W. A lot of territory of Britain in 2 WW were completely destroyed. – Like Coventry (sister-city to Volgograd). Britain was no the number 1 in economy.

The 20-th century – increasing of extremism. Suffrages – women who are fighting for the voting writes. The second problem is – Ireland. It was called the problem of Ulster. Some section of the army was going to destroyed government. Up to now was numerous terroristic acts. Nevertheless, Scotland now is the question.

THE BRITISH NATION.

Throughout of history Britain. Britons are the citizens of UK; Britain sees territories and crown dependencies.

The only nation are not subject to the Queen (зависимые) – it is USA and they are proud of it.

There are 14-teen only British overseas territories. They are now uninhabited and the population are very small.

The crown dependencies. The island of Man and two others.

The British are considered diversity and multicultural society due to colonial past.

The population is 62.5 million people. In addition, 140 million – the British diaspora – Hong Kong, New Zeeland, Canada. It’s difficult to count people.

The British identity is – 1) ethnic, 2) civic (гражданское).

Ethic – the ancestors – living In Britain and sharing British customs and traditions. About civic – respecting law of the country, having a passport of UK, and speaking English.

British culture have some certain codes of behaviour. We cannot say there is a national character.

One of them is thing – sense of superiority.

They are famous for such things – fair play (честная игра).

Moderation – or being reserved in manners.

Sometimes – stiff upper lip (сохраняют всегда закрытую верхнюю губу).

They have believed that they have built the better multicultural society, than anyone has also.

They are one of the most powerfully economy in the world.

They eccentric [k'sentrk ], [ek-] (эксцентричные).

They have great power of endurance (выносливые).

It is geography what is defined the destiny of the nation (Montesquieu told).

The British class system. – It is also part of British nationality and society.

At the top royal family. Upper class - aristocracy. Upper-middle Middle – 10 percent Low-middle. On the bottom – working class. Have underclass levels – is under working class. They have divine right for monarchy. All born in UK in a little box in class. Even if you have get good education you inherited background, you snobbery. All class uses their language mostly.

Monarch are still exist. Pronunciation is important – it is toll where are you from. The Standard English in Schools. Usually people tries to use Standard English. On the other hand, if you speak about Scotland or Ireland – it is sometimes prestigious. The purest – is received pronunciation – in BBC and so on. They named it also Oxford pronunciation. In older film – the manner of speaking are good distinct. The standard nowadays is difficult.

British classes.

The British Monarchy is one of the oldest in the world. It called Constitutional Monarchy. The monarch is the King or the Queen. Queen Elisabeth the Second is inherited the throne from the George the VI-th.

She has ruled since 1952. She have seen 13 Prime Ministers. She has also seen in total 140 prime ministers from all the UK territories.

The monarch and her immediate family members are undertake the official, ceremonial, diplomatical and others duties.

The monarchy are constitutional. The monarch can bestow honours. Theoretically, the monarch is still commander-in-chief.

In practice monarch should have support the ruling party in many questions, military also. Support from majority of the Hose of Commons. The Prime Minister decides many questions.

The same story with the dissolution of Parliament.

Passing some bill officially monarch should sign. However, in just formal sign.

The debates about disadvantages and advantages of monarchy are still exist.

MP – обычно в House of Commons – не применяется к Палате Лордов – они там сидят пожизненно.

The advantages are:

1) Monarch is personal embodiment of the Government of the country. The people may criticized the Government, but don’t criticized the monarch.

2) Officially, the monarch can check the Government, when the Government became dictatorial. If the bill becomes against the majority of population.

Since 1708, the monarch don’t use the right to sign the bill.

The Monarch (Queen) is Figurehead in ceremonial duties. She is head of the state in international relations. She takes her job in these cases.

Value of Monarchy is hypothetical (гипотетично). Not only can a monarch perform them. They have to spend a lot of money to a monarch. To support all royal image is much investment.

Queen still have the right to declare war. She have the right to sign treaties. Formally, the Queen can dissolve the Parliament.

There are many scandals surrounding the life of the Queen and her family.

There question of the class society.

So long the class society is still exist in Britain. Some people are better than others by the way of Birth. The Monarchy is adding to class society. Queen pays taxes nowadays. Monarch attracts visitors from other countries. She saves times for the Parliament.

Monarchy is tradition and guarantee of social stability. There are some arguments for moderate reforms. The Queen should become the national leader. Even if they abolish monarchy the class system is exist.

In Denmark (Дания), Netherlands – Queen is walking with a dog – its meritocratic (?elitocratic? – нет в словаре) system – when everybody are equal. meritocratic [mert'krætk] способствующий достижению положения в обществе благодаря способностям человека

Politician in Britain don’t have a good reputation. If someone a professional politician – its symbol of dishonesty or a liar.

Britons usually do not know the local MP’s members.

In Russia it becomes as in UK – they are trying do not speak about politics.

The signature of famous people are on sale. Autographs of Margaret Tetchier – 25 pounds.

The signature of Churchill is 100 pounds – the most expensive.

Great Britain is considered democracy in full sense. Nevertheless, ordinary citizens take less participation in government question. They just vote to MP. When Government pass an important bill – without the Population 2015 referendum – Britain decided to leave the European Union. Only two referendums was.

The constitution. Queens accept the advice of the Parliament. There is no single document written document, which is stand about all.

Some norms of Constitution – is common sense – здравый смысл. Это требования к должности премьер Министра.

There are three branches of power.

HERE IS SCHEME FROM THE BLACKBOARD and explanation that I’m lost because of absence. Пропустил где-то 10 минут.

Вопросы Татьяна Сергеевна выслала на почту – экз. ответ где-то 2 минуты. Можно свое мнение. Следующую субботу занятия не будет.

The USA.

Americas in plural – нормально.

1492 Cristofer Columbus first sailed to the land.

Amerigo Vespucci was number two.

America – we mean US, Americas – US citizen. We don’t mean Latin America. All of these people are from North America -… Canada, Mexico.

Yankee – from Dutch (Голландский) – means little John. It the word of contempt – слово призрения.

Later in 18-th century used Yankee. Now is no longer is derogatory – не всегда ругательное.

US – is a federal republic and composed of 50-ty states, one federal district. They say Washington D.C. The USA have five major self-government territories and some possessions (владения). Some of them non-incorporated territories. There are inhabited – Puerto Rico (in the Caribbean) – под юрисдикцией США, also Virgin Islands, Guam and other islands – mostly in Pacific Ocean and near Philippines. American Samoa (Eastern Samoa) and Norther Marian Islands.

The USA is washed of two Oceans – The Atlantic and Pacific. All the Southern states of US was the Mexican territory.

Over 9 million square kilometers.

Fourth - place US – territory.

Population is over 3 hundred million people.

Ethnic diversity. In mainland – only 48 states – other two Hawaii and Alaska.

The national flag – fifty stars and thirteen original states. The colours – white symbolize purity, red stets for courage and blue for justice.

The national moto – In god we trust. Uncle Sam represent of the nation. Uncle Sam – is a kind of personification of American Government. He wants you and so on.

Briefly, we discuss main events in US history.

Indians migrated to North America around 15-20 thousand years ago (15-20 тыс. лет назад). Through Bering canal. They came from Siberia. At that time, the geography was different and continents was close to each other. Native Americans are desertions of Siberian folks.

In the 16-teen century began European colonization. There was 13 colonies. American Revolution started in 1775 in 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independents in 4 July. Moreover, from these time it Independent. The contemporary constitution was adopted 1887. The first ten amendments was ratified. Also adopted in that time, they are collectively known as a bill of rights. They guarantee the basic civil liberties. Then US began a huge expansion from the 19-th century. 13-teen started to displace the American Indians. In that time, Indian reservation created and US pays now to reservation.

Some new states was required (приобретены) and displace of Indians. One more important – the American civil war. This civil war took place in 1861 to 1865. The North against South. They have not any wars and invasions.

There was a time were a slavery was abolished. It was in 1865. The question of slavery is very controversial. South is originally the land of Britain aristocracy, protestant families. In the North was poorer population and north was manufactural centre. Industrial revolution was approximately …

The USA became the world military power after the 2-nd W.W. in emerged as a global superpower. They was the first country that develop the nuclear weapons. Officially, they was the first. They actually try to impress by nuclear bomb the others. Nowadays the US is permanent member of Security Counsel of United Nations. The permanent numbers – is Russia, USA, China, France and Great Britain.

After the dissolution the USSA in 1991 – the USA became the only one superpower in the world.

The regional division of the USA.

The original division.

The first area is the Northeast. – the 9-th states – NY, N. Jersey, Connecticut, New England – they have traditionally in the helm (heading) in economic and social problems. This regions is more urban, more industrial, more cultural sophisticated, more cultural diverse. People who live there are more dedicated to hard work and thrifty – this qualities they … from puritans forefathers (ancestors). They think that they are culturally superior.

During the 19-teen century the North – East have produced most of country scholars, artist, writers come from this region. Then New England, colleges and Universities are known for the high academic standards. Harvard is the best business school here. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT – it’s a technical education.

The Mid-West.This are twelve states including Ohio, Indiana, and Illinoi. Here is a diversity of soil, climate and resources. In Ohio there if five seasons of the year. This region a vast extend of rich farmland, extensive forestlands, abundant deposits of minerals, like iron, limestone (известняк), coal, and natural resources. There two belts – the Corn Belt (кукурузный пояс) and the wheat belt (пшеничный пояс). This region is called the America farm belt.

Class divisions – here is the less important, the middle class rules in this region. The Mid-Westerners – are practical and unsophisticated persons in general and commercially minded. It’s the region of small towns and track-owners. They grow more than half of oats here.

Chicago is industrial centre and commercial centre. It is the nation second largest city. It is located on the Great Lakes in has always been the connection point for the whole continent.

The West.It includes Washington. Such states as Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Arizona and others, California. Historically it is the youngest region and have the lowest density of the population. However, it is an important supplier of raw materials. It is a very diverse region. Most of the states are mountain states. The only densely ['den(t)sl] -populated state is California. The western states are mostly agricultural with emphasis on farming. Only California and Oregon are important industrial centres. West is the supplier raw materials. California is famous of oil and the Rocky Mountains. The West can be divided into three regions. The Great Plains – it is a cattle country and it is also called Wild West, - main industry is cattle breading and also growing corn and west.

The high west – the point number two, it is famous for the mountains, deserts, salt lakes and also parries irrigated valleys is occupied one third of the territory. В этих штатах проблемы с водой, как и в Калифорнии, они все сами выращивают.

The high west used to be the place of atomic tests. In addition, Las Vegas is here.

The third part of the West is the Pacific coast. – In comprises only the states of California, San Francisco and Los Angeles. They are part if Pacific coast economically.

Number four – the South, it includes fourteen states. Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas ['kns]. Georgia grow up in the civil war, Florida, Kentucky, Georgia. Here is the one fourth of the completely American population. The general characteristic of the South it has behind industrial development and in has fewer industrial cities, the typical crops – are tobacco and crops (зерновые культуры), cotton. The south sometimes called the black belt – more black population. Black belt is the official term. African-American is more or less ok, other can be insulting. All word from N… - you can’t use these words.

Racial predeceases are still strong in the South. They are most inequality comes from here. This region are supply of raw materials – especially oil and gas, coal, lumber (дерево), timber in Virginia. That is why Texas want has to separate. This are poorest region. Americans recognized the shorthorns by peculiar accent – jargons, they have more diphthongs, and they are famous for music language. Jazz are also started here. Jazz musicians are from here. The South is also known for outstanding writers – Faulkner, William [fkn], Warren... The south was originally settled by English Protestants who settled for farming opportunities. Most farming was in single-family farm. Some farmers – who are growing up in tobacco became big, they are established large plantations. English, Portuguese, Spanish ships supplied slaves for these plantations and they are bought and sold for these plantations. This system was unjust by the Fathers (здесь имеются в виду Отцы-основатели США, такие как Джефферсон, Адамс, Пейн…) and still they defended that. After the year 1800, the North started industrialized and the South still was agricultural. As the 19-th century progressed the economical difference between North and South – most Northerners opposed slavery. Unresolved dispute of the slavery – is one of the reason for crisis in 1860-Th. The war 1861-1865 was the bloodiest war in the history of the USA. In the beginning, the South proclaimed the independence from the North. The northerners usually vote for the Republican Party. The Southerners to Democratic Party. The South is more conservative.

Southerners do vote for democrats as tradition against Northerners. Southerners are more native as a nation. Most people in the South can traits the origin for more than two centuries. Southerner are more mindful for social rank (classes) and have strong ties with family and with homeland. On the other hand, they tend to be less educated in terms of schooling. Moreover, illiteracy rates are higher here.

The next topic of discussion – national values. There are some universal ones, but individualism. Ethnic diversity. The USA is country of immigrants. The term melting pot – is always been debated – they are typical national trait. The term melting pot – is about 100 years. This question is in debate still. Everyone decide whether to assimilate or not. Nowadays is Internet and family unification program – переводят родственников туда melting pot is устарело понятие.

White (Caucasian – другое название белокожих в Америке) population is about 75 per cent in general. Then African American is about 12 per cent.

There are also people of Latino or Hispania about 12,5 per cent. There are Native Americans and other nations. Native Americans are less than 1 per cent. The indigenous populations – коренные американцы. Asian – approx. 3 per cent. Многие люди относят себя к разным группам, поэтому не 100 процентов в сумме.