Leadership and Management Styles
Can leadership be taught? Or are the only real leaders born leaders?
“Traditionally, the model for leadership in business has been the army. Managers and army officers give orders and their subordinates carry them out. Managers, like army officers, may be sent on leadership courses to develop their leadership skills, their ability to lead. But they still need a basic flair.”
What makes a great leader?
“The greatest leaders have charisma, an attractive quality that makes other people admire them and want to follow them. A leader may be described as a visionary, someone with the power to see clearly how things are going to be in the future. People often say leaders have drive, dynamism and energy.”
How have management styles changed in the last few years?
“Before, leaders were distant and remote, not easy to get to know or communicate with. Today, managers are more open and approachable: you can talk to them easily. There is more management by consensus, where decisions are not imposed from above in a top-down approach, but arrived at by asking employees to contribute in a process of consultation.”
Do you think this trend will continue?
“Yes. There are more women managers now, who are often more able to build consensus than traditional military-style authoritarian male managers.”
What exactly is empowerment?
“Encouraging employees to use their own initiative, to take decisions on their own without asking managers first, is empowerment. Decision-making becomes more decentralized and less bureaucratic, less dependent on managers and systems. This is often necessary where the number of management levels is reduced.
To empower employees, managers need the ability to delegate, to give other people responsibility for work rather than doing it all themselves. Of course, with empowerment and delegation, the problem is keeping control of your operations: a key issue of modern management.”
Task 3. Answer the questions:
1. What has traditionally been the model for leadership in business?
2. What do managers need for leadership?
3. How may a leader be described?
4. What were leaders before?
5. How are decisions taken nowadays?
6. What is one of the points of female management?
7. When is the empowerment especially necessary?
Task 4. Match the sentence beginnings (1-7) with the correct endings (a-f).
1. We are looking for a new CEO, someone with strong leadership
2. Richard has real managerial flair
3. In the police, leaders are held responsible
4. She is an extraordinary leader
5. Thatcher had drive, energy and vision,
6. He was born leader. When everyone else was discussing
a) but many thought it was the wrong vision.
b) and has won the respect of colleagues and employees.
c) for the action of their subordinates.
d) skills and experience with financial institutions.
e) what to do, he knew exactly what to do.
f) who will bring dynamism and energy to the job.
Task 5. Complete the following text with the correct words given below: open, top-down, authoritarian, consultation, subordinates, decentralized, approachable, imposed, bureaucratic, remote.
“My name is Laura Garcia and I train people in modern management techniques. Old style managers were …. They took all the decisions and told their … what to do without talking to them. They were often very … from their employees. They … their decisions from above and their whole approach was … and …. A modern manager has to be more … and …. Decision-making needs to be …. So everyone should be involved in the process of ….”
Task 6. Match the following words from the text with their definitions from the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English:
| 1) subordinates | a) a leader who can see what the future will be |
| 2) charisma | b) to make smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc. |
| 3) flair | c) people working below managers and army officers |
| 4) visionary | d) to give hope, courage or confidence; support |
| 5) to empower | e) to lay or place a tax, duty, etc. |
| 6) to contribute | f) attractive quality that good leaders have |
| 7) consensus | g) talent |
| 8) to reduce | h) to give power or authority to act |
| 9) to encourage | i) general agreement (of opinion, etc); collective opinion |
| 10) to impose | j) to give ideas, suggestions |
Task 7. Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or superlative form adding any necessary words. See Appendix 5.
1. At Associated Box Company (ABC), employees call their managers ‘sir’. At ’Superior Box Corporation (SBC) employees are … (deferential) as everyone uses first names.
2. Managers have long meetings with employees at SBC when at ABC employees are never consulted in decision-making, so SBC is … (informal) in the way people talk to each other.
3. Managers are … (approachable) at Superior Box Corporation as they share the same canteen with employees.
4. Our Chief Executive Officer is … (intelligent) person in the corporation.
5. Tom is … (responsible) employee in our company.
6. Siemens is … (large) electronics company in Europe.
7. Bill Gates is one of … (wealthy) men in the world.
Appendix 1:
SIMPLE TENSES (Active Voice)
| Present Simple | Past Simple | Future Simple | ||
| FORM | Affirmative | V (V + (e)s) she plans we plan | V + (e)d V2 she planned we wrote | Shall/will + V she will plan we will plan |
| Negative | she does not (doesn't) plan we do not plan | she did not plan we didn’t write | she will not / won't plan we will not / won't plan | |
| Interrogative | Do we plan? Does she plan? | Did we write? Did she plan? | Shall we plan? Will she plan? | |
| USAGE | -repeated or usual actions -facts or generalizations | -action(s) in the past, -a past habitual action, -past facts or generalizations | -a voluntary future action -a promise -a prediction | |
| EXAMPLE | Marketing “drives” many of the day-to-day decisions made by operating management. | Marketing “drove” many of the day-to-day decisions made by operating management. | Marketing will “drive” many of the day-to-day decisions made by operating management. |
Appendix 2:
PROGRESSIVE TENSES (Active Voice)
| Present Progressive | Past Progressive | Future Progressive | ||
| FORM | Affirmative | am is + Ving are He is planning | was were + Ving He was planning | will be + Ving He will be planning |
| Negative | He is not planning | He was not planning | He will not / won't be planning | |
| Interrogative | Is he planning? | Was he planning? | Will he be planning? | |
| USAGE | · an action in progress "at this very moment" or around it. · near future, particularly plans | · an interrupted action in the past · two past events in parallel | · an interrupted action in the future · two parallel actions in the future | |
| EXAMPLE | They are having a meeting about the catalogue. | We were discussing our expansion plans when he came. | I can’t see you on the 12th because I will be attending a training course. |
Appendix 3:
PERFECT TENSES (Active Voice)
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | Future Perfect | ||
| FORM | Affirmative | have has + V(e)d V3 He has written | had + V(e)d V3 He had written | will have + V(e)d V3 He will have written |
| Negative | He has not written | He had not / hadn't written | He will not / won't have written | |
| Interrogative | Has he written? | Had he written? | Will he have written? | |
| USAGE | · unspecified time before now · duration before now | · a completed action or duration before something in the past | · a completed action or duration before something in the future | |
| EXAMPLE | They have already discussed this problem. | He had completed his experiment by the time his chief came. | I will have taken part in many conferences by 2020. |
Appendix 4:
PASSIVE VOICE
| Simple | Progressive | Perfect | |
| Present | am is + V3 are | am being is being + V3 are being | have been + V3 has been |
| Past | was + V3 were | was being + V3 were being | had been + V3 |
| Future | will be + V3 | will have been + V3 |
Appendix 5:
COMPARISON
| Adjective | Comparative | Superlative | |
| one-syllable adjectives | fast long | faster longer | the fastest the longest |
| -y, -ly, -w adjectives | busy | busier | the busiest |
| adjectives with two or more syllables | interesting | moreinteresting | the most interesting |
| irregular forms | good bad much(many) little far | better worse more less farther/ further | the best the worst the most the least the farthest/ the furthest |
Appendix 6:
THE GERUND
| Indefinite | Perfect | |
| Active | writing | having written |
| Passive | being written | having been written |
| Functions: 1) subject2) direct object3) prepositionalobject4) predicative5) adverbial modifier6) attribute | Reading economic articles is useful. Do you mind my reading this report? I am fond of reading. He started reading this report. After reading he closed the book. This reading hall is large. |
СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
HRM = Human Resource Management
HRD = Human Resource Department
HQ = headquarters
CV = curriculum vitae
Br E = British English
Am E = American English
BLS = Bureau of labor Statistics (US)
MBA = Master of Business Administration
CEO = Chief Executive Officer
Библиографический список
1. Жданова И.Ф. Новый англо-русский экономический словарь /И.Ф. Жданова – М.: Рус. яз.- Медиа, 2005.- 1025 с.
2. Мюллер В.К. Новый англо-русский словарь / В.К. Мюллер. – М.: Рус. яз.-Медиа, 2005. – 945 с.
3. Abbyy Lingvo 12 (электронный словарь)
4. A. S. Hornby. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. - OUP, 1985. – 1041 p.
5. Bill Mascull. Business Vocabulary in Use. CUP, 2003. – 172 p.
6. Michael Duckworth. Oxford Business English. Grammar and
Practice. OUP, 1995. – 216 p.
7. Oxford business English Dictionary (электронный
словарь)
8. www.economics.about.com
9. www.gsk.com
10. www.who.int
11. www.wikipedia.org