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UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING
United Nations Peacekeeping helps countries torn by conflict create conditions for lasting peace. Peacekeeping has proven to be one of the most effective tools available to the UN to assist host countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace.
Peacekeeping has unique strengths, including legitimacy, burden sharing, and an ability to deploy and sustain troops and police from around the globe, integrating them with civilian peacekeepers to advance multidimensional mandates. UN Peacekeepers provide security and the political and peacebuilding support to help countries make the difficult, early transition from conflict to peace. UN Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles: consent of the parties; impartiality; non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate.
Peacekeeping is flexible and over the past two decades has been deployed in many configurations. There are currently 16 UN peace operations deployed on four continents. Today's multidimensional peacekeeping operations are called upon not only to maintain peace and security, but also to facilitate the political process, protect civilians, assist in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants; support the organization of elections, protect and promote human rights and assist in restoring the rule of law.
Success is never guaranteed, because UN Peacekeeping almost by definition goes to the most physically and politically difficult environments. However, we have built up a demonstrable record of success over our 60 years of existence, including winning the Nobel Peace Prize.
Peacekeeping is one among a range of activities undertaken by the United Nations to maintain international peace and security throughout the world. The other activities are: conflict prevention and mediation; peacemaking; peace enforcement; peacebuilding. They rarely occur in a linear or sequential way. Experience has shown that they should be seen as mutually reinforcing. If they are used piecemeal or in isolation, they fail to provide the comprehensive approach required to address the root causes of conflict and hence reduce the risk of conflict recurring.
Conflict prevention involves diplomatic measures to keep intra-state or inter-state tensions and disputes from escalating into violent conflict. It includes early warning, information gathering and a careful analysis of the factors driving the conflict. Conflict prevention activities may include the use of the Secretary-General’s “good offices,” preventive deployment of UN missions or conflict mediation led by the Department of Political Affairs.
Peacemaking generally includes measures to address conflicts in progress and usually involves diplomatic action to bring hostile parties to a negotiated agreement. The UN Secretary-General may exercise his or her “good offices” to facilitate the resolution of the conflict. Peacemakers may also be envoys, governments, groups of states, regional organizations or the United Nations. Peacemaking efforts may also be undertaken by unofficial and non-governmental groups, or by a prominent personality working independently.
Peace enforcement involves the application of a range of coercive measures, including the use of military force. It requires the explicit authorization of the Security Council. It is used to restore international peace and security in situations where the Security Council has decided to act in the face of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression. The Council may utilize, where appropriate, regional organizations and agencies for enforcement action under its authority and in accordance with the UN Charter.
Peacebuilding aims to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundation for sustainable peace and development. It is a complex, long-term process of creating the necessary conditions for sustainable peace. Peacebuilding measures address core issues that effect the functioning of society and the State, and seek to enhance the capacity of the State to effectively and legitimately carry out its core functions.
The boundaries between conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peacebuilding and peace enforcement have become increasingly blurred. Peace operations are rarely limited to one type of activity. While UN peacekeeping operations are, in principle, deployed to support the implementation of a ceasefire or peace agreement, they are often required to play an active role in peacemaking efforts and may also be involved in early peacebuilding activities.
GLOSSARY
1. to resolve the dispute – вирішити суперечку
2. multilateral negotiations – багатосторонні переговори
3. transparency – прозорість
4. to stipulate – обумовлювати, ставити умову
5. commitment – зобов’язання
6. unilateral – односторонній
7. to abide – дотримуватись, слідувати
8. to streamline – модернізувати, систематизувати, спростити
9. panel – експертна група (СОТ)
10. to lodge an appeal – подавати апеляцію
11. сustoms union – митний союз
12. to infringe – порушувати
13. to cope with – впоратись, подолати
14. exchange rate – валютний курс
15. liquidity - ліквідність
16. balance-of-payments deficit – дефіцит платіжного балансу
17. to eliminate – усунути
18. devaluation – девальвація
19. supply and demand – попит і пропозиція
20. to pledge – обіцяти, закладати, віддавати в заставу
21. interest rate – кредитна ставка
22. reserve assets – резервні активи
23. to supplement – доповнювати
24. to allocate – розподіляти
25. holdings – запаси, фонди, активи
26. remuneration – винагорода, компенсація
27. adjustment – регулювання
28. disbursement – видача кредиту
29. to devalue a currency – девальвувати валюту
30. to forestall – попередити, запобігти
31. to blur the boundaries – розмивати кордони
32. repercussions – наслідки
33. to constrain – стримувати/обмежувати