Подготовьте устное сообщение по изученной теме (1,5 балла).

7.3. Письменные задания по теме «Международная торговля».

 

Задание 1. Самостоятельно изучите следующие грамматические разделы.

Предложения типа It is necessary that...

В английском языке после предложений, выражающих совет, рекомендации, необходимость, желательность и т.п. (it is necessary, it is important, it is desirable, it is advisable, it is not necessary, it is encouraging, it is not impossible и т.п.), в придаточных предложениях, вводимых союзом that, форма сказуемого либо совпадает с инфинитивом (но не имеет частицы to), либо состоит из глагола should + инфинитив (без частицы to).

На русский язык обе формы переводятся глаголом в прошедшем времени, а союз that - союзом чтобы. Например:

 

It is important that the plan be fulfilled in time	Важно, чтобы план был выполнен вовремя.
или
It is important that the plan should be fulfilled in time.
It is necessary that our engineer take part (или should take part) in this work.	Необходимо, чтобы наш инженер принял участие в этой работе.

Конверсия

Конверсия — это способ образования одной части речи от другой без добавления суффиксов и приставок и без изменения основной формы слова. Например:

 

Глагол	Существительное
to use – использовать	use – использование
to increase – увеличивать	increase – увеличение
to produce – производить	produce – продукты, изделия
to effect - влиять	effect - влияние

Задание 2. Письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с конструкцией It is … that (0, 5 балла).

1. In order to cut taxes it is necessary that the government spending be cut.

2. In many countries with mixed economies it is essential that governments intervene in some sectors of economy.

3. To restrict inflation it is recommended that a tight incomes policy be adopted by the government.

4. In some markets, for example stock exchange, it is not necessary that sellers and buyers contact directly as they can operate through intermediaries.

5. It is recommended that students of economics study both modern economic theories and works of well-known economists such as Adam Smith, John Keynes, Karl Marx, etc.

6. It is required that commercial banks obtain government licences before starting their activity in the financial market.

7. It is desirable that as much information as possible about consumer demand should be obtained before planning business strategy.

8. To make economic forecasts it is important that the effect of a price change on the whole output should be considered.

9. It is important that the population's main food products requirements should be met.

10. To calculate the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the whole country it is essential that the GDP in different sectors of economy should be determined.

Задание 3. Письменно переведите следующий текст на русский язык (1 балл).

 

Foreign Trade

 

What is now called international trade has existed for thousands of years long before there were nations with specific boundaries. Foreign trade means the exchange of goods and services between nations, but speaking in strictly economic terms, international trade today is not between nations. It is between producers and consumers or between producers in different parts of the globe. Nations do not trade, only economic units such as agricultural, industrial, and service enterprises can participate in trade.

Goods can be defined as finished products, as intermediate goods used in producing other goods, or as agricultural products and foodstuffs. International trade enables a nation to specialize in those goods it can produce most cheaply and efficiently and it is one of the greatest advantages of trade. On the other hand, trade also enables a country to consume more than it can produce if it depends only on its own resources. Finally, trade expands the potential market for the goods of a particular economy. Trade has always been the major force behind the economic relations among nations.

Different aspects of international trade and its role in the domestic economy are known to have been developed by many famous economists. International trade began to assume its present form with the establishment of nation-states in the 17th and 18th centuries, new theories of economics, in particular of international trade, having appeared during this period.

In 1776 the Scottish economist Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, proposed that specialization in production leads to increased output and in order to meet a constantly growing demand for goods it is necessary that a country's scarce resources be allocated efficiently. According to Smith's theory, it is essential that a country trading internationally should specialize in those goods in which it has an absolute advantage - that is, the ones it can produce more cheaply and efficiently than its trading partners can. Exporting a portion of those goods, the country can in turn import those that its trading partners produce more cheaply. To prove his theory Adam Smith used the example of Portuguese wine in contrast to English woolens.

Haifa century later, having been modified by the English economist David Ricardo, the theory of international trade is still accepted by most modern economists. In line with the principle of comparative advantage, it is important that a country should gain from trading certain goods even though its trading partners can produce those goods more cheaply. The comparative advantage is supposed to be realized if each trading partner has a product that will bring a better price in another country than it will at home. If each country specializes in producing the goods in which it has a comparative advantage, more goods are produced, and the wealth of both the buying and the selling nations increases.

Trade based on comparative advantage still exists: France and Italy are known for their wines, and Switzerland maintains a reputation for fine watches. Alongside this kind of trade, an exchange based on a competitive advantage began late in the 19th century. Several countries in Europe and North America having reached a fairly advanced stage of industrialization, competitive advantage began to play a more important role in trade. With relatively similar economies countries could start competing for customers in each other's home markets. Whereas comparative advantage is based on location, competitive advantage must be earned by product quality and customer acceptance. For example, German manufacturers sell cars in the United States, and American automakers sell cars in Germany, both countries as well as Japanese automakers competing for customers throughout Europe and in Latin America.

Thus, international trade leads to more efficient and increased world production, allows countries to consume a larger and more diverse amount of goods, expands the number of potential markets in which a country can sell its goods. The increased international demand for goods results in greater production and more extensive use of raw materials and labour, which means the growth of domestic employment. Competition from international trade can also force domestic firms to become more efficient through modernization and innovation.

It is obvious that within each economy the importance of foreign trade varies. Some nations export only to expand their domestic market or to aid economically depressed sectors within the domestic economy. Other nations depend on trade for a large part of their national income and it is often important for them to develop import of manufactured goods in order to supply the ones for domestic consumption. In recent years foreign trade has also been considered as a means to promote growth within a nation's economy. Developing countries and international organizations have increasingly emphasized such trade.

Словарный минимум к тексту

 

foreign trade - международная торговля

syn. international trade

wholesale trade - оптовая торговля

syn. wholesaling, n

wholesaler, n - оптовый торговец

retail trade - розничная торговля

syn. retailing, n

retailer, n - розничный торговец

participate, v (in smth) - участвовать (в чем-л.)

enable , v - давать возможность (что-л. сделать)

to enable smb to do smth - давать кому-л. возможность или право что-л. сделать; позволить кому-л. сделать что-л.

syn. let (let, let), v - позволять, допускать; выдавать (заказ на что-л.)

to let (smb) do smth -разрешить, позволить (кому-л.) сделать что-л.

syn. allow, v - позволять, разрешать

to allow (smb) to do smth - позволять (кому-л.) делать что-л.

to be allowed to do smth - иметь разрешение делать что-л.

expand, v - расширять, увеличивать в объеме

major, a - более важный, значительный

according to, prep - согласно, в соответствии с

in accordance with - в соответствии с чём-л., согласно чему-л.

syn. in line with

absolute advantage - абсолютное преимущество

comparative advantage - сравнительное преимущество

to compare with smth - сравнивать с чем-л.

to compare to smth - уподоблять чему-л.

in comparison with smth - в сравнении с чем-л.

gain, v выигрывать; получать; извлекать выгоду

gain, n - прирост; прибыль; выигрыш

gains, n, pl - доходы; выручка; прибыль, заработок; увеличение, рост

competitive, а - конкурентный, конкурентоспособный

competitive advantage - преимущество, основанное на конкуренции

competition, n - соревнование; состязание; конкуренция

competitiveness, n - конкурентная способность

compete, v - соревноваться, конкурировать

to compete in smth - конкурировать в чем-л.

to compete with smb - конкурировать с кем-л.

to compete for smth - конкурировать ради чего-л.

relatively, adv - относительно, сравнительно

relative, а - относительный

customer, n - заказчик; покупатель; клиент

acceptance, n - одобрение, принятие

throughout, prep - через, по всей площади, длине и т.п.; всё время, в течение всего времени

diverse, а - разный, разнообразный

syn. different

aid, v - помогать

aid, n - помощь

depressed,] а - ослабленный, сниженный, подавленный

promote, v - способствовать, содействовать

emphasize, v - подчеркивать, придавать особое значение

Задание 4. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово из предлагаемых в скобках вариантов. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык (0, 5 балла).

1. Special agreements (allowed / allocated) the former Soviet block countries' exports of meat, fruit, dairy (молочный) goods and vegetables to rise by 10 percent a year for five years.

2. The European Community due to importing and exporting (limited /diverse) resources is considered to be a more integrated market, in which distance, information barriers and tariffs are (actually / relatively) unimportant.

3. The society will (gain / economize) by restricting imports until the benefit of the last import equals its cost to society as a whole.

4. Special care should be taken by the government to protect economic interests of the (depressed / competitive) groups of the population and reduce absolute poverty (бедность).

5. Nowadays environmental management should be (adjusted / accepted) as (an unimportant / a major) factor for any country's national development and it should be (emphasized / expanded) by scientific, technical and administrative support.

6. The (wholesaler / retailer) performs the last stage of the distribution process, for he puts the goods in the hands of the actual consumer.

7. The law of (comparative / competitive) advantage states (утверждать) that countries specialize in producing and exporting the goods that they produce at a (relative / relatively) lower cost than other countries.

8. Due to achievements of modern sciences various (advantages / innovations) applied in production cycles have greatly decreased the share of labour-consuming operations.

9. Centralized control of the production factors results from the (acceptance/exception) of an ideology that (emphasizes / gives rise to) the importance of the group of people rather than the individual.

 

Задание 5. Письменно выполните следующие задания (0, 5 балла):