W. SHAKESPEARE. THE COMEDIES.
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564 - died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer of the English language and as the world's preeminent dramatist. He wrote approximately 38 plays and 154 sonnets, as well as a variety of other poems. Already great in his lifetime, his fame grew considerably after his death. His work has been adulated by eminent figures through the centuries. He is often called England's national poet, and sometimes the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "The Bard") or the "Swan of Avon".Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613, although the exact dates and chronology of the plays attributed to him are uncertain. He is one of the few playwrights considered to have excelled in both tragedy and comedy; his plays combine popular appeal with complex characterisation, and poetic grandeur with philosophical depth.Shakespeare's works have been translated into every major living language, and his plays are continually performed all over the world. Shakespeare is the most quoted writer in the history of the English-speaking world; many of his quotations and neologisms have passed into everyday usage in English and other languages. Many have speculated about his sexuality, religious affiliation, and the authorship of his works.Traditionally, the plays of William Shakespeare have been grouped into three categories: tragedies, comedies, and histories. Some critics have argued for a fourth category, the romance. "Comedy" in its Elizabethan usage had a very different meaning from modern comedy. A Shakespearean comedy is one that has a happy ending, usually involving marriage for all the unmarried characters, and a tone and style that is more lighthearted than Shakespeare's other plays.Patterns in the comedies include movement to a "green world," both internal and external conflicts, and a tension between Apollonian and Dionysian values.Several of Shakespeare's comedies such as Measure for Measure and All's Well That Ends Well, have an unusual tone with a difficult mix of humour and tragedy which has led them to be classified as problem plays or tragicomedies. It is not clear whether the uneven nature of these dramas is due to an imperfect understanding of Elizabethan humour and society, a fault on Shakespeare's part, or a deliberate attempt by him to blend styles and confound expectation.Some scholars of Shakespeare break the category of "Comedies" into "Comedies" and "Romances." The plays included in the latter category would be Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, Pericles Prince of Tyre, and The Tempest.The source for most of these plays is the well known Raphael Holinshed's Chronicle of English history. Shakespeare's plays focus on only a small part of the characters' lives and frequently omit significant events for dramatic purposes.Shakespeare was living under the reign of Elizabeth I, the last monarch of the house of Tudor, and his history plays are often regarded as Tudor propaganda because they show the dangers of civil war and celebrate the founders of the Tudor dynasty. In particular, Richard III depicts the last member of the rival house of York as an evil monster ("that bottled spider, that foul bunchback'd toad"), a depiction disputed by many modern historians, while portraying his usurper, Henry VII in glowing terms. Political bias is also clear in Henry VIII, which ends with an effusive celebration of the birth of Elizabeth. However, Shakespeare's celebration of Tudor order is less important in these plays than the spectacular decline of the medieval world. Moreover, some of Shakespeare's histories -- and notably Richard III - point out that this medieval world came to its end when opportunism and machiavelism infiltrated its politics. By nostalgically evoking the late Middle Ages, these plays described the political and social evolution that had led to the actual methods of Tudor rule, so that it is possible to consider history plays as a biased criticism of their own society.
LITERATURE OF THE 17TH CENTURY.
It is a period of mixture of old forms and new attitudes in literature. New genre is autobiography. A time of self-analysis. John Donne (1572- 1631) is not a professional writer, he wrote songs, sonnets, love and religious poems. Favorite literature device-paradox, when students had to age in order to show their proficiency in logics. Bourgeoises was deprived of official right to rule the countrv. The political demands were backed by the religious one. Bourgeoisie is puritanical.
1642 - Civil war.
1649 - the execution of Charles I and Cromwell - the monarch, Commonwealths terror.
I616-I700 -Restoration age -the beginning of Neoclassic period in literature.
John Milton was born in London and educated in Cambridge, was very intelligent and wanted to write a groat epic poems, one of the Cromwell's consultants. First poems showed the quality of his outlook, during Civil War published many pamphlets
1652 -went blind. Sonnet "To the Lord General ~the dcscription of Cromwell. "Areopagitica” is his best prose work, Charles II said to burn all his works.
1667 -"Paradise lost" biblical He was interested in the problem of guilt, the scope of poem - Universe, heaven and hell, 12 books, The story of the fallen angelsi . Adam and Eve. In poem there are no heroes. Satan - a dangerous figure. The struggle between good and evil. "Samson" is his own portrait. "Paradise: Regained" - religious themes, the reason for choosing -was suggested by political and religious light of historic times
4.сынылан дебиет
1.История английской литературы в 3-х томах. М. 1943-1948.
2.Аникин Г.В., Михальская Н.П. История английской литературы . М, 1975.
3.Аникст А. Творчество Шекспира. М, 1963
4.R.Carter and J.VcRae Guide to English literature , 1996
5.M.Alexander A History of English Literature, 2000
1. Дріс таырыбыThe Enlightenment
2. Дріс жоспары
A)1st period – D.Defoe, his pamphlets and individualism. J.Swift-the greatest of English satirists.
B)The 2d period. The development of the English Realistic novel. Henry Fielding –the greatest representative of realism in the 18th c.
C)The new literary trend – Sentimentalism. S.Richardson.
D)The 3d period - R.Sheridan, R.Burns
3.Дріс тезистері
Objectives:to introduceliterature ofEnlightenment, the main representatives of the period.
The 17th century was one of the most stormy periods of English history. The growing contradictions between the new class, the bourgeoisie, and the old forces of feudalism brought about the English Bourgeois Revolution in the 1640s. As a result of the revolution the king was dethroned and beheaded and England was proclaimed a republic. Though very soon monarchy was restored, the portion of the bourgeoisie had changed.
The 18th century saw Great Britain rapidly growing into a capitalist country. It was an age of intensive industrial development. New mills and manufactures appeared one after another. Small towns grew into large cities. The industrial revolution began: new machinery was invented that turned Britain into the first capitalist power of the world. While in France the bourgeoisie beginning its struggle against feudalism, the English bourgeoisie had already become one of the ruling classes.
The 18th century was also remarkable for the development of science and culture. Isaac Newton's discoveries in the field of physics, Adam Smith's economic theories, the philosophical ideas of Hobbes, Locke and others enriched the materialistic thought and implanted in people's minds belief in great powers of marl's intellect. It was in this period that English painting began to develop too: portraiture reached its peak in the works of William Hogarth, Joshua Reynolds as well as Thomas Gainsborough, who was equally good at landscape and portrait painting.In spite of the progress of industry and culture in EngI'a'nd, the majority of the English people were still ignorant. That is why one of the most important problems in the country was the problem of education. The 17th and 18th centuries are known in the history European culture as the period of Enlightenment. The Enlighteners defended the interests of the common people. The central problem of the Enlightenment ideology was that of man arid his nature. believed in reason as well as in man's inborn goodness. They rejected the religious idea of the sinful nature of man. Vice in people, they thought, was due to the 'miserable life conditions which could be changed by force of reason. They considered of their duty to enlighten people, to help them see the roots of evil and the ways of social reformation. The Enlighteners also believed in the powerful educational value of art.
In England the period of Enlightenment followed the bourgeois revolution, while in other countries it came before the revolution (the French Bourgeois Revolution took place at the end of the 18th century); therefore, the aims of the English Enlighteners were not as revolutionary as those of French Enlightenment.The English Enlighteners were not unanimous in their views. Some of them spoke in defence of the existing order, considering that a few reforms were enough to improve it. They were the moderates, represented in literature by Daniel Defoe, Joseph Adclison, Richard Steeie, and Samuel Richardson. Others, the radicals, wanted more democracy in the ruling of the country. They defended the interests of the exploited masses. The most outstanding representatives of the radicals were Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding, Oliver Goldsmith, Richard B. Sheridan.
In the epoch of Enlightenment the poetic forms of the Renaissance were replaced by prose. The moralizing" novel was born and became the leading genre of the period. Ordinary people, mostly representatives of the middle class, became the main characters of these novels These characters, either virtuous or vicious, were accordingly, either rewarded or punished at the end of the novel By these means the Enlightcners idealistically hoped to improve the morals of the people and of society in general.The Enlightenment epoch in English literature may be divided into three periods:
E a r l y Enlightenment (1688 1740)
This period saw the flourishing of journalism which played an important part in the country's public life Numerous journals and newspapers which came into being .at the beginning of the 18th century not only acquainted their readers with the situation at home and abroad, but also helped to shape people's views. Most popular were the satirical moralizing journals The Taller, The Spectator, The Englishman edited by Joseph Addison and Richard Steeie. In their essays short compositions in prose these two writers touched on various problems of political, social and family life. The essays paved the way for the realistic novel which was brought into English literature by Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift.Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 [?] - April 24 [?], 1731)[1] was an English writer, journalist and spy, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel and helped popularize the genre in Britain. In some texts he is even referred to as one of the founders, if not the founder, of the English novel. A prolific and versatile writer, he wrote over five hundred books, pamphlets, and journals on various topics (including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural). He was also a pioneer of economic journalism.Jonathan Swift (November 30, 1667 - October 19, 1745) was an Irish cleric, satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for Whigs then for Tories), and poet, famous for works like Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, The Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub. Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, although he is less well known for his poetry. Swift published all of his works under pseudonyms such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier or anonymously. He is also known for being a master of 2 styles of satire; the Horatian and Juvenalian styles
II Mature enlightenment
The social moralizing novel was born in this period. It was represented by the works of such writers as Samuel Richardson (Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded, Clarissa, or the History of a Young Lady), Henry Fielding (The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling and other novels), and Tobias Smollett (The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker and other novels).Henry Fielding's works were the summit of the English Enlightenment prose. In the novel The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling the author led his hero, a charming, cheerful, kind-hearted man, through a number of adventures and brought him in touch with a lot of people representing all classes of society. The scenes of the novel are laid in a poor country-house, in an aristocratic mansion, at an inn, in a court-room, in prison and in the London streets. Such composition of the novel gave the author a chance to create an all-embracing picture of the 18th century England, to write "a comic epopee" as Fielding himself called the novel.Fielding also worked out the theory of the novel. In the introductory chapters to the eighteen parts of The History of Tom Jones he put forward the main requirements that the novel should meet: to imitate life, to show the variety of human nature, to expose the roots and causes of man's shortcomings and to indicate the ways of overcoming them.
4. сынылан дебиет
1.История английской литературы в 3-х томах. М. 1943-1948.
2.Аникин Г.В., Михальская Н.П. История английской литературы . М, 1975.
3.Аникст А. Творчество Шекспира. М, 1963
4.R.Carter and J.VcRae Guide to English literature , 1996
5.M.Alexander A History of English Literature, 2000
1. Дріс таырыбыThe Romantic period.
2. Дріс жоспары
A)The passive romanticists.
B)The Lake Poets - W.Wordsworth, R.Southey, S.Coleridge.
C)The Revolutionary romanticists. B.Shelley,G.G.Byron,W.Scott.
3.Дріс тезистері
Objectives:to introduceliterature ofRomantic period, the main representatives of the period.
The changing landscape of Britain brought about by the steam engine has two major outcomes: the boom of industrialism with the expansion of the city, and the consequent depopulation of the countryside as a result of the enclosures, or privatisation of pastures. Most peasants poured into the city to work in the new factories.This abrupt change is revealed by the change of meaning in five key words: industry (once meaning "creativity"), democracy (once disparagingly used as "mob rule"), class (from now also used with a social connotation), art (once just meaning "craft"), culture (once only belonging to farming).But the poor condition of workers, the new class-conflicts and the pollution of the environment causes a reaction to urbanism and industrialisation prompting poets to rediscover the beauty and value of nature. Mother earth is seen as the only source of wisdom, the only solution to the ugliness caused by machines.The superiority of nature and instinct over civilisation had been preached by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his message was picked by almost all European poets. The first in England were the Lake Poets, a small group of friends including William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. These early Romantic Poets brought a new emotionalism and introspection, and their emergence is marked by the first romantic Manifesto in English literature, the "Preface to the Lyrical Ballads". This collection was mostly contributed by Wordsworth, although Coleridge must be credited for his long and impressive Rime of the Ancient Mariner, a tragic ballad about the survival of one sailor through a series of supernatural events on his voyage through the south seas which involves the slaying of an albatross, the death of the rest of the crew, a visit from Death and his mate, Life-in-Death, and the eventual redemption of the Mariner.Coleridge and Wordsworth, however, understood romanticism in two entirely different ways: while Coleridge sought to make the supernatural "real" (much like sci-fi movies use special effects to make unlikely plots believable), Wordsworth sought to stir the imagination of readers through his down-to-earth characters taken from real life (for eg. in "The Idiot Boy"), or the beauty of the Lake District that largely inspired his production (as in "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey").
THE REVOLUTIONARY ROMANTICS.
The "Second generation" of Romantic poets includes Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and John Keats. Byron, however, was still influenced by 18th-century satirists and was, perhaps the least 'romantic' of the three. His amours with a number of prominent but married ladies was also a way to voice his dissent on the hypocrisy of a high society that was only apparently religious but in fact largely libertine, the same that had derided him for being physically impaired. His first trip to Europe resulted in the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, a mock-heroic epic of a young man's adventures in Europe but also a sharp satire against London society. Despite Childe Harold's success on his return to England, accompanied by the publication of The Giaour and The Corsair his alleged incestuous affair with his half-sister Augusta Leigh in 1816 actually forced him to leave England for good and seek asylum on the continent. Here he joined Percy Bysshe Shelley, his wife Mary, with his secretary Dr. John Polidori on the shores of Lake Geneva during the 'year without a summer' of 1816. Although his is just a short story, Polidori must be credited for introducing The Vampyre, conceived from the same competition which spawned Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, to English literature. Percy, like Mary, had much in common with Byron: he was an aristocrat from a famous and ancient family, had embraced atheism and free-thinking and, like him, was fleeing from scandal in England.Shelley had been expelled from college for openly declaring his atheism. He had married a 16-year-old girl, Harriet Westbrook whom he had abandoned soon after for Mary (Harriet took her own life after that). Harriet did not embrace his ideals of free love and anarchism, and was not as educated as to contribute to literary debate. Mary was different: the daughter of philosopher and revolutionary William Godwin, she was intellectually more of an equal, shared some of his ideals and was a feminist like her late mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, author of Vindication of the Rights of Women.One of Shelley's best works is the Ode to the West Wind. Despite his apparent refusal to believe in God, this poem is considered a homage to pantheism, the recognition of a spiritual presence in nature.Mary Shelley did not go down in history for her poetry, but for giving birth to science fiction: the plot for the novel is said to have come from a nightmare during stormy nights on Lake Geneva in the company of Percy Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Polidori. Her idea of making a body with human parts stolen from different corpses and then animating it with electricity was perhaps influenced by Alessandro Volta's invention and Luigi Galvani's experiments with dead frogs. Frankenstein's chilling tale also suggests modern organ transplants, tissue regeneration, reminding us of the moral issues raised by today's medicine. But the creature of Frankenstein is incredibly romantic as well. Although "the monster" is intelligent, good and loving, he is shunned by everyone because of his ugliness and deformity, and the desperation and envy that result from social exclusion turn him against the very man who created him.John Keats did not share Byron's and Shelley's extremely revolutionary ideals, but his cult of pantheism is as important as Shelley's. Keats was in love with the ancient stones of the Parthenon that Lord Elgin had brought to England from Greece, also known as the Elgin Marbles). He celebrates ancient Greece: the beauty of free, youthful love couples here with that of classical art. Keats's great attention to art, especially in his Ode on a Grecian Urn is quite new in romanticism, and it will inspire Walter Pater's and then Oscar Wilde's belief in the absolute value of art as independent from aesthetics.The most popular novelist of the era was Sir Walter Scott, whose grand historical romances inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe. By contrast, Jane Austen wrote novels about the life of the landed gentry, seen from a woman's point of view, and wryly focused on practical social issues, especially marriage and money.
Poet, painter and printmaker William Blake is usually included among the English Romanticists, though his visionary work is much different from that of the others discussed in this section.
THE NOVEL OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD.
The most popular novelist of the era was Sir Walter Scott, whose grand historical romances inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe. By contrast, Jane Austen wrote novels about the life of the landed gentry, seen from a woman's point of view, and wryly focused on practical social issues, especially marriage and money.
Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 - 21 September 1832) was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time.
In some ways Scott was the first author to have a truly international career in his lifetime, with many contemporary readers all over Europe, Australia, and North America. His novels and poetry are still read, and many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and specifically, of Scottish literature. Famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley and The Heart of Midlothian.When the press became embroiled in pecuniary difficulties, Scott set out, in 1814, to write a cash-cow. The result was Waverley, a novel which did not name its author. It was a tale of the "Forty-Five" Jacobite rising in the Kingdom of Great Britain with its English protagonist Edward Waverley, by his Tory upbringing sympathetic to Jacobitism, becoming enmeshed in events but eventually choosing Hanoverian respectability. The novel met with considerable success. There followed a succession of novels over the next five years, each with a Scottish historical setting. Mindful of his reputation as a poet, he maintained the anonymous habit he had begun with Waverley, always publishing the novels under the name Author of Waverley or attributed as "Tales of..." with no author. Even when it was clear that there would be no harm in coming out into the open he maintained the façade, apparently out of a sense of fun. During this time the nickname The Wizard of the North was popularly applied to the mysterious best-selling writer. His identity as the author of the novels was widely rumoured, and in 1815 Scott was given the honour of dining with George, Prince Regent, who wanted to meet "the author of Waverley".In 1819 he broke away from writing about Scotland with Ivanhoe, a historical romance set in 12th-century England. It too was a runaway success and, as he did with his first novel, he wrote several books along the same lines. Among other things, the book is noteworthy for having a very sympathetic Jewish major character, Rebecca, considered by many critics to be the book's real heroine - relevant to the fact that the book was published at a time when the struggle for the Emancipation of the Jews in England was gathering momentum.As his fame grew during this phase of his career, he was granted the title of baronet, becoming Sir Walter Scott. At this time he organized the visit of King George IV to Scotland, and when the King visited Edinburgh in 1822 the spectacular pageantry Scott had concocted to portray George as a rather tubby reincarnation of Bonnie Prince Charlie made tartans and kilts fashionable and turned them into symbols of Scottish national identity.Jane Austen (16 December 1775 - 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works include Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion. Her biting social commentary and masterful use of both free indirect speech and irony eventually made Austen one of the most influential and honoured novelists in English literature.Austen's best-known work is Pride and Prejudice, which is viewed as an exemplar of her socially astute comedies of manners. Austen also wrote a satire of the popular Gothic novels of Ann Radcliffe, Northanger Abbey, which was published posthumously in 1818. Adhering to a common contemporary practice for female authors, Austen published her novels anonymously; this kept her out of leading literary circles.
Austen's comedies of manners, especially Emma, are often cited for their perfection of form. Modern critics continue to unearth new perspectives on Austen's keen commentary regarding the predicament of unmarried genteel English women in the late 1790s and early 1800s, a consequence of inheritance law and custom, which usually directed the bulk of a family's fortune to eldest male heirs.Although Austen's career coincided with the Romantic movement in literature, she was not an intensely passionate Romantic. She was more neo-classical. Passionate emotion usually carries danger in an Austen novel: the young woman who exercises twice a day is more likely to find real happiness than one who irrationally elopes with a capricious lover. Austen's artistic values had more in common with David Hume and John Locke than with her contemporaries William Wordsworth and Lord Byron. Among Austen's influences were Samuel Johnson, William Cowper, Samuel Richardson, Walter Scott, George Crabbe and Fanny Burney.Although Austen did not promote passionate emotion as did other Romantic movement writers, she was also sceptical of its opposite -- excessive calculation and practicality often leads to disaster in Austen novels. Jane loved to write her novels in peace and she only shared them with her family when they were performing plays.
4.сынылан дебиет
1.История английской литературы в 3-х томах. М. 1943-1948.
2.Аникин Г.В., Михальская Н.П. История английской литературы . М, 1975.
3.Аникст А. Творчество Шекспира. М, 1963
4.R.Carter and J.VcRae Guide to English literature , 1996
5.M.Alexander A History of English Literature, 2000
1. Дріс таырыбыThe Critical Realism
2. Дріс жоспары
The 1st half of the 19th c.
The Chartist movement. Ernest Jones. C.Dickens, W.Thackeray, C.Bronte.
The last half of the 19th c.
The Fabian society. G.Eliot, T.Hardy, B.Shaw.
Women writers of Victorian age.
3. Дріс тезистері
Objectives:to introduceliterature ofCritical realism, the main representatives of the period.
HIGH VICTORIAN LITERATURE.It's called so as of the reign of Queen Victoria in this time. She was very conservative. Another name of this period: "the literature of critical realism". At this time: The social contrast was very acсute; the rise of worker's movement.
Romantism had exhausted itself. It deal with problem of extraordinary people, but it was time to deal with topical issues of everyday reality as the Britain was at the time of Revolution.
The writers described the characters as if they were products of their time environment society.
They took from Romantism their negative attitude to the reality. They use grotesk.
Charles Dickens was born in poor family, didn't get education. His father went to prison and his family too, only Charles didn't go. He tried many jobs. He was self-educated. He was found of theatre. Many of his novels have drama. He wanted to reform British society, wrote about the problems of education.
3 periods:
1) optimistic (funny) He was full of hope, main stylistic device - humor."The Pickwick Papers", "Sketches my Boz".
2) he understood the complexity of life and that literature is not so powerful. "A Christmas Carol".
3) the period of growing pessimism( the attitude is better & satirical)
"Little Dorrit", The tale of 2 cities", "David Copperfield","Oliver Twist".
William Thackeray (1811-1863)
Was born in India, in the family official colonian. He got good education in public school, Cambrige. But he was dissatisfied with Cambridge and decided to study art. He couldn't choose b/t painting and writing. His first book - " The book of snobs"-draw English snobs. (Snob- a person, who pays much attention to his social position.) Best work -"Vanity Fair"(1848). This is novel without hero - the author found no ideal people to make the plot. The novel centres on 2 girls, who went to 1 school , but beloged to different levels of society. Rebecca Shock had to make her own living, symbolizes wit without virtue, ; Amilia Sedley symbolized virtue without wit. The author doesn't morolize. He shown things as they .The idea - people are like puppets, who are to act according to unwritten lows.
4. кWOMEN WRITERS OF THE VICTORIAN AGE.
Bronte (Charlotte, Emily, Anne) - sisters. They had much in common. All of them were poor health, died at an early age. They were influenced by romanticism (Byron). Bronte Sisters used male pseudonym - Bell. Charlotte- lived longer, got married. She had the most rebellious character. She hated injustice. She rote many novels, the most famous "Jane Eyre". Charlotte was connected with her heroine ‘Jane’, this novel autobiographical. Through the heroine, Charlotte relived the hated boarding school life and her experiences as a governess in a large house. In thrilling and descriptive text Bronte clearly describes Jane tragic journey. Growing up she has a sad life, from the death of her parents to her abusive cousin. Yet when she goes to live with Mr. Rochester her life takes a rapid turn. Can this be Jane’s chance for happiness or is she set for another fall. She used a man name, but all critics understood it. But Charlotte Bronte broke down the stereotypes of that time. Her heroine wasn’t beautiful, but smart and independent. She is the leader in the relations between her and Mr. Rochester. Jane is a kind of a new woman. Emily became famous by her book "Wuthering Heights"-shows portrays of strong personalities, who has great passions and emotions. This novel is played for the development of multiple narration - the story was told from different points of view. Emily developed a new technique – the 3d person narration. She created characters who possess the great power of generalization. Anne was the mildest and most patient of the sisters. Her novels “Agnes Grey” and “The Tenant of Wildfall Hall” can be seen as less violent versions of “Jane Eyre». G Eliot - after the death of Dickens she became the dominant English novelist. She developed the theory of critical realism, wrote a great number of social novels. She spoke in defense of greater possibilities of women to get education, to participate in the social life of the country. In her later novels showed the complexity of life in the 19th century. "The Mill on the Floss", "The Middlemarch", ”Silas Marner”, "Daniel Redondo".E.
Gaskell wrote about the problems of different regions of Eng. She had conservative views. Her early novel about village life “Granford”. "North and South" was her later novel. She compared rural and industrial districts of Eng. Her novels offer a detailed portrait of the lives of many strata of society, including the very poor, social novel that tries to show the industrial North and its conflicts in the mid-19th century as seen by an outsider, a socially sensitive lady from the South. The heroine of the story, Margaret Hale, is the daughter of a Nonconformist minister who moves to the fictional industrial town of Milton after leaving the Church of England. The town is modeled after Manchester, where Gaskell lived as the wife of a Unitarian minister. Gaskell herself worked among the poor and knew at first hand the misery of the industrial areas.
LATE VICTORIAN LIT-RE.
Several trends in literature: 1)Realistic; 2)Decadent. The last decade of the nineteenth century saw the development of a number of movements which amounted to a rejection of the principles of Victorianism. Early Victorian writers, responding to the social changes due to the shift from an agricultural to an industrial society and the decline of traditional religious beliefs, adopted a moral aesthetic and maintained that literature should provide fresh values and an understanding of the newly emerging society. Novelists examined complications of forming a personal identity in a world in which traditional social structures were breaking down. Social mores were their subject and realism their form of expression.
T. Hardy, an English novelist, short story writer, and poet of the naturalist movement, though he saw himself as a poet and wrote novels mainly for financial gain only. He continued the realistic tendency in English literature. He tried to show the reality as it was, even if it was grim and hard. The bulk of his work, set mainly in the semi-imaginary county of Wessex, delineates characters struggling against their passions and circumstances. Hardy's poetry, first published in his fifties, has come to be as well regarded as his novels, especially after The Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. One of the most widely read and respected English novelists, Hardy created an important artistic bridge between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The influence of Darwin's recently published Origin of Species on his thought, and his subsequent loss of orthodox religious faith affected all of his writings. Although his novels were uneven in skill, when he stayed in the rural settings of his youth and focused on relations between the sexes, they took on a tragic power rarely equaled by other English novelists. He is credited with introducing fatalism into Victorian literature -- a pessimistic assessment of humanity's ability to cope with a changing social environment. One of the first novels was “Far from the Madding Crowd”. The title of this story refers to a poet Thomas Grey. It is an example of principle of intertextuality, a dialogue of different texts belonging to a different epochs. All novels are gloomy and pessimistic. "Tess of the D' Urbervilles" - the most famous novel. It is about a tragic fate of a poor girl, but later her family turns to be aristocratic. But it brings misfortunes for them. Tess murders a man and was hanged. “Mayor of Casterbridge", “Jude the Obscure”– the main characters of these two novels turned to be too weak, they started drinking and ruined their lives. Later the author gave up novels and started to write poem because no one criticized him for it.
DECADENT LIT-RE.
At the end of the 19th century there appeared in Europe different avangard trends in lit-re. It’s also called decadent.Aestheticism- philosophy of this trend is worked by W. Pater, J.Ruskin. They belong to the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood. Raphael is associated with Renaissance, but it’s called Pre-R, so they are interested in art before the Renaissance. The main topic of A. is the concept of beauty. Prove that main purpose of art is to give aesthetic pleasure. The main purpose of artist is to create objects of pure beauty not dependent on reality. It beauty is the only thing that matter, so A. is nothing to do with social problems, so art is indifferent to what is moral or immoral. Art is above reality & morality. This approach is formulated in the following way: “art for art’s sake”. Decadent writers used elaborate, stylized language to discuss taboo and often unsavory topics, such as death, depression, and deviant sexualities. It was in part born out of the Romantic movement, which sought to effect emotions in the reader, but also a revolt against Romanticism's glorification of nature. The Decadents favored art and artifice over the natural world, and in this respect were closely aligned to the Symbolist and Aesthetic movements of the same period. The main representative of A. is O. Wild. His works belong to different genres: short stories, plays, novels, and fairy tales for children. “The picture of Dorian Gray” was created to illustrate the aesthetic principles of the author & it even has a preface which was conceived as manifesto of A. Main char-r shares a lot of things with O. Wild: both handsome & loved beautiful things. He even shocked people by his colorful, luxurious clothes. Like D.G. he collected objects of beauty: ancient books, precious stones. In the book there are many beautiful description of nature, interior & author paid much attention to that. The end of the book is contradicted to what it is said at the beginning of the book. The author doesn’t want to deal with the issues of morality. At the end of the book D.G. is punished for immorality & and the story turn out to be moralizing story. His works are char-zed by special style – paradox. P.- is a saying which at first sight contradicts the reality but in fact has a grain of truth in it. “The Importance of Being Earnest” – sparkles with humor & paradoxes. His fairy takes are sad, but teach what is good or bad. The potential of his creative work is not immoral, it’s moral. In fact as O. Wild said he “put his life into his writing”. He has problems with law, was taken to prison, accused of immorality & homosexual practices.
4. сынылан дебиет
1.История английской литературы в 3-х томах. М. 1943-1948.
2.Аникин Г.В., Михальская Н.П. История английской литературы . М, 1975.
3.Аникст А. Творчество Шекспира. М, 1963
4.R.Carter and J.VcRae Guide to English literature , 1996
5.M.Alexander A History of English Literature, 2000
1. Дріс таырыбыThe Literature of the 20th c
2. Дріс жоспары
A)The twenties and the thirties.
B)Post-war Literature- W.Woolf, J,Joyce, J,Conrad.
C)The sixties. New type of literature – “Working-class novel”
3. Дріс тезистеріObjectives:to introduceliterature ofthe 20th c, the main representatives of the period.
NEO-ROMANTICISM
Together with the Decadents another group of writers took up the protest against bourgeois rule. They also searched for an escape from a life without either beauty or interest.Joseph Conrad (1857 - 1924) was a Polish-born novelist. Some of his works have been labelled romantic: Conrad's supposed "romanticism" is heavily imbued with irony and a fine sense of man's capacity for self-deception. Many critics regard Conrad as an important forerunner of Modernist literature.
Conrad's narrative style and anti-heroic characters have influenced many writers, including Ernest Hemingway, D.H. Lawrence, Graham Greene, Joseph Heller and Jerzy Kosiński, as well as inspiring such films as Apocalypse Now (which was drawn from Conrad's Heart of Darkness).His first novel, Almayer's Folly, set on the east coast of Borneo, was published in 1895. With its successor, An Outcast of the Islands, it laid the foundations of a reputation as a romantic teller of exotic tales, a misunderstanding of his purpose that was to frustrate Conrad for the rest of his career.Of his novels, Lord Jim and Nostromo continue to be widely read, as set texts and for pleasure. The Secret Agent and Under Western Eyes are also considered to be among his finest books.Arguably the most influential work remains Heart of Darkness, to which many have been introduced by Francis Ford Coppola's film, Apocalypse Now, inspired by Conrad's novella and set during the Vietnam War. The themes of Heart of Darkness, and the depiction of a journey into the darkness of the human psyche, still resonate with modern readers.Some critics said that Heart of Darkness cannot be considered "a great work of art" because it is "a novel which celebrates... dehumanization, which depersonalizes a portion of the human race." Referring to Conrad as a "talented, tormented man", they drew on several instances of racism in the writings of Conrad, in which the Polish author derided "niggers" as variously "unreasoning", "savage", and "inscrutable".
Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865 - 1936) was an English author and poet, born in India, and best known today for his children's books, including The Jungle Book (1894), The Second Jungle Book (1895), Just So Stories (1902), and Puck of Pook's Hill (1906); his novel, Kim (1901); his poems, including Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890), and "If " (1910); and his many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888) and the collections Life's Handicap (1891), The Day's Work (1898), and Plain Tales from the Hills (1888). He is regarded as a major "innovator in the art of the short story"; his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature; and his best work speaks to a versatile and luminous narrative gift.Kipling was one of the most popular writers in English, in both prose and verse, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The author Henry James famously said of him: "Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius (as distinct from fine intelligence) that I have ever known." In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, making him the first English language writer to receive the prize, and he remains today its youngest-ever recipient. Among other honours, he was sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and on several occasions for a knighthood, all of which he rejected.However, later in life Kipling also came to be seen (in George Orwell's words) as a "prophet of British imperialism." Many saw prejudice and militarism in his works, and the resulting controversy about him continued for much of the 20th century. According to critic Douglas Kerr: "He is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognized as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced. That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with."
Robert Louis Stevenson (1850 - 1894), was a Scottish novelist, poet, and travel writer, and a leading representative of Neo-romanticism in English literature. He was the man who "seemed to pick the right word up on the point of his pen, like a man playing spillikins", as G. K. Chesterton put it. He was also greatly admired by many authors, including Jorge Luis Borges, Ernest Hemingway, Rudyard Kipling and Vladimir Nabokov. Most modernist writers dismissed him, however, because he was popular and did not write within their narrow definition of literature. It is only recently that critics have begun to look beyond Stevenson's popularity and allow him a place in the canon.
Stevenson was a celebrity in his own time, but with the rise of modern literature after World War I, he was seen for much of the 20th century as a writer of the second class, relegated to children's literature and horror genres. The late 20th century saw the start of a re-evaluation of Stevenson as an artist of great range and insight, a literary theorist, an essayist and social critic, a witness to the colonial history of the South Pacific, and a humanist. He is now being re-evaluated as a peer with authors such as Joseph Conrad (whom Stevenson influenced with his South Seas fiction) and Henry James, with new scholarly studies and organizations devoted to Stevenson. No matter what the scholarly reception, Stevenson remains very popular. According to the Index Translationum, Stevenson is ranked the 25th most translated author in the world, ahead of Charles Dickens, Oscar Wilde and Edgar Allan Poe.
John Galsworthy OM (1867-1933) was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works include The Forsyte Saga (1906-1921) and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter.
He won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1932. He is now far better known for his novels and particularly The Forsyte Saga, the first of three trilogies of novels about the eponymous family and connected lives. These books, as with many of his other works, dealt with class, and in particular upper-middle class lives. Although sympathetic to his characters he highlights their insular, snobbish and acquisitive attitudes and their suffocating moral codes. He is viewed as one of the first writers of the Edwardian era; challenging in his works some of the ideals of society depicted in the proceeding literature of Victorian England. The depiction of a woman in an unhappy marriage furnishes another recurring theme in his work. The character of Irene in The Forsyte Saga is drawn from Ada Pearson even though her previous marriage was not as miserable as Irene's.
His work is often less convincing when it deals with the changing face of wider British society and how it affects people of the lower social classes. Through his writings he campaigned for a variety of causes including prison reform, women's rights, animal welfare and censorship, but these have limited appeal outside the era in which they were written. During World War I he worked in a hospital in France as an orderly after being passed over for military service. He was elected as the first president of the International PEN literary club in 1921, was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1929 after earlier turning down a knighthood and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932.John Galsworthy died from a brain tumour at Grove Lodge, Hampstead. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered over the South Downs from an airplane. The popularity of his fiction waned quickly after his death but the hugely successful adaptation of The Forsyte Saga in 1967 renewed interest in the writer.
A number of John Galsworthy's letters and papers are held at the University of Birmingham Special Collections.Herbert George Wells (1866 - 1946), was an English writer best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man and The Island of Doctor Moreau. He was a prolific writer of both fiction and non-fiction, and produced works in many different genres, including contemporary novels, history, and social commentary. He was also an outspoken socialist. His later works become increasingly political and didactic, and only his early science fiction novels are widely read today. Wells, along with Hugo Gernsback and Jules Verne, is sometimes referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction".
George Bernard Shaw (born 26 July 1856, Dublin, Ireland died November 2, 1950, aged 94, in Hertfordshire, England). Shaw was an Irish dramatist, literary critic, and socialist. During his career, Shaw wrote more than sixty plays. He was uniquely honoured by being awarded both a Nobel Prize (1925) for his contribution to literature and an Oscar (1938) for Pygmalion. He was a strong advocate for socialism and women's rights, a vegetarian and teetotaller, and a harsh critic of formal education.
All of the five unsuccessful novels written between 1879 and 1883, at the start of his career eventually were published. Pygmalion (1913) is a play by George Bernard Shaw based on Ovid's tale of Pygmalion. It tells the story of Henry Higgins, a professor of phonetics (based on phonetician Henry Sweet), who makes a bet with his friend Colonel Pickering that he can turn a Cockney flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, into a refined society lady merely by teaching her how to speak with an upper class accent and training her in etiquette. In the process, Higgins and Doolittle grow close, but she ultimately rejects his domineering ways and declares she will marry Freddy Eynsford-Hill, a poor and young gentleman.
Shaw wrote the lead role of Eliza Doolittle for Mrs Patrick Campbell (though at 49 she was considered by some to be too old for the part). Due to delays in mounting a London production and Campbell's injury in a car accident, the first English presentation did not take place until some time after Pygmalion premiered at the Hofburg Theater in Vienna on October 16, 1913, in a German translation by Shaw. The first production in English finally opened at His Majesty's Theatre, London on April 11, 1914 and starred Mrs Patrick Campbell as Eliza and Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree as Henry Higgins; it was directed by Shaw himself.
Modernist literature is the literary form of Modernism and especially High modernism. Modernist literature was at its height from 1900 to 1940.
Modernist literature attempted to move from the bonds of Realist literature and introduce concepts such as disjointed timelines. Modernism was distinguished by emancipatory metanarrative. In the wake of Modernism, and post-enlightenment, metanarratives tended to be emancipatory, whereas beforehand this was not a definite. Contemporary metanarratives were failing with World War I, the rise of trade unionism, and a general discontent. Something had to perform a unifying function, and this was the point when culture became politically important.
Modernist literature is defined by its move away from Romanticism, venturing into subject matter that is traditionally mundane--a prime example being The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot. Modernist literature often features a marked pessimism, a clear rejection of the optimism apparent in Victorian literature. In fact, "a common motif in Modernist fiction is that of an alienated individual--a dysfunctional individual trying in vain to make sense of a predominantly urban and fragmented society". However, many Modernist works like T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land are marked by the absence of a central, heroic figure; in rejecting the solipsism of Romantics like Shelley and Byron, these works reject the subject of Cartesian dualism and collapse narrative and narrator into a collection of disjointed fragments and overlapping voices.
Modernist literature goes beyond the limitations of the Realist novel with its concern for larger factors such as social or historical change; this is largely demonstrated in "stream of consciousness" writing. Examples can be seen in Virginia Woolf's Kew Gardens and Mrs Dalloway, James Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses, Katherine Porter's Flowering Judas, Jean Toomer's Cane, William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury, and others.Modernism as a literary movement is seen, in large part, as a reaction to the emergence of city life as a central force in society.One of the "fathers" of Latin American Modernism is the poet Ruben Dario of Nicaragua.
Many Modernist works are studied in schools today, from Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, to T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land, to James Joyce's Ulysses and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.
James Joyce (1882 - 1941) was an Irish expatriate writer, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its highly controversial successor Finnegans Wake (1939) as well as the short story collection Dubliners (1914) and the semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Although he spent most of his adult life outside Ireland, Joyce's fictional universe is firmly rooted in Dublin and provide the settings and much of the subject matter for all his fiction. In particular, his tempestuous early relationship with the Irish Roman Catholic Church is reflected through a similar inner conflict in his recurrent alter ego Stephen Dedalus. As the result of his minute attentiveness to a personal locale and his self-imposed exile and influence throughout Europe, Joyce became simultaneously one of the most cosmopolitan and one of the most local of all the great English language writers.
Virginia Woolf (1882 - 1941) was an English novelist and essayist regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929) with its famous dictum, "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction".
David Lawrence (1885 - 1930) was a very important and controversial English writer of the 20th century, whose prolific and diverse output included novels, short stories, poems, plays, essays, travel books, paintings, translations, literary criticism and personal letters. His collected works represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanizing effects of modernity and industrialisation. In them, Lawrence confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, sexuality, and instinctive behaviour.
Lawrence's unsettling opinions earned him many enemies and he endured hardships, official persecution, censorship and misrepresentation of his creative work throughout the second half of his life, much of which he spent in a voluntary exile he called his "savage pilgrimage." At the time of his death, his public reputation was that of a pornographer who had wasted his considerable talents. E. M. Forster, in an obituary notice, challenged this widely held view, describing him as "the greatest imaginative novelist of our generation." Later, the influential Cambridge critic F. R. Leavis championed both his artistic integrity and his moral seriousness, placing much of Lawrence's fiction within the canonical "great tradition" of the English novel. He is now generally valued as a visionary thinker and a significant representative of modernism in English literature, although some feminists object to the attitudes toward women and sexuality found in his works.
REALISM IN 1940.
The Second World War influenced greatly ideological and economic life of Britain. During the war GB suffered heavy financial losses. The post-war programme of the Labour Party became the only hope for a better future for the British people, but soon they saw that the policy of the labour leaders didn't differ much from that of their predecessors. From 1946 GB faced strong resistance on the part of the oppressed people of India and Egypt. GB was losing one colony after another and becoming more dependent on the USA. These factors and the cold war and the atomic threat, the rapid intensification of the cultural and moral crisis influenced the minds of the British people, particularly the intellectuals, and caused their disillusionment. Due to the deeping of the capitalist economic crisis the position of the working masses became worse in the 70s. Prices were rapidly going up. All this was reflected in the literature of that time.
Henry Greene (1904 - 1991) was a great English playwright, novelist, short story writer, travel writer and critic whose works explore the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world. Greene combined serious literary acclaim with wide popularity. Although Greene objected strongly to being described as a "Catholic novelist" rather than as a "novelist who happened to be Catholic", Catholic religious themes are at the root of many of his novels, including Brighton Rock, The Heart of the Matter, The End of the Affair, Monsignor Quixote, A Burnt-Out Case, and his famous work The Power and the Glory. Works such as The Quiet American also show an avid interest in the workings of international politics.
Eric Blair (1903 - 1950), better known by the pen name George Orwell, was an English author and journalist. Noted as a novelist, critic, political and cultural commentator, Orwell is among the most widely admired English-language essayists of the 20th century. He is best known for two novels critical of totalitarianism in general, and Stalinism in particular: Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. Both were written and published toward the end of his life.
Charles Snow (1905-1980) was a scientist and novelist. Snow's first novel was the whodunit Death under Sail (1932). He also wrote a biography of Anthony Trollope. However, he is much better known as the author of a sequence of political novels entitled Strangers and Brothers depicting intellectuals in academic and government settings in the modern era. The Masters is the best known novel of the sequence and deals with the internal politics of a Cambridge college as it prepared to elect a new master. It has all the appeal of being an insider's view and it reveals how concerns other than the strictly academic influence the decisions of supposedly objective scholars. The Masters and The New Men were jointly awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1954. The Corridors of Power added a phrase to the language of the day.In The Realists, an examination of the work of eight novelists: Stendhal, Honoré de Balzac, Charles Dickens, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Benito Pérez Galdós, Henry James and Marcel Proust, Snow makes a robust defence of the realistic novel.
Arthur Waugh (1903 - 1966) was a British writer, best known for such satirical and darkly humorous novels as Decline and Fall, Vile Bodies, Scoop, A Handful of Dust, and The Loved One, as well as for more serious works, such as Brideshead Revisited and the Sword of Honour trilogy, that are influenced by his own conservative and Catholic outlook. Many of Waugh's novels depict the British aristocracy and high society, which he savagely satirizes but to which he was also strongly attracted. In addition, he wrote short stories, three biographies, and the first volume of an unfinished autobiography. His travel writings and his extensive diaries and correspondence have also been published. In 1944, American literary critic Edmund Wilson pronounced Waugh "the only first-rate comic genius that has appeared in English since Bernard Shaw," while Time magazine declared that he had "developed a wickedly hilarious yet fundamentally religious assault on a century that, in his opinion, had ripped up the nourishing taproot of tradition and let wither all the dear things of the world." Waugh's works were very successful with the reading public and he was widely admired by critics as a humorist and prose stylist, but his later, more overtly religious works have attracted controversy. In his notes for an unpublished review of Brideshead Revisited, George Orwell declared that Waugh was "about as good a novelist as one can be while holding untenable opinions."[ The American conservative commentator William F. Buckley, Jr. found in Waugh "the greatest English novelist of the century," while his liberal counterpart Gore Vidal called him "our time's first satirist.
THE ANGRY YOUNG MEN
The English literature of the 1950s tended to reflect some of the difficulties facing the younger generation of the time.
Disillusionment and scepticism had become the main features of the young post-war generation. Those youngsters stood up against bourgeois morals, protested angrily against reality and tried to find new aims in life. The literature of 50s reflected the "anger" of the young. The writers who dwelt on this problem became known as "the angry young men".
The representatives of this group were K. Amis, J. Braine, J. Osborne, J. Wain and many others. These young writers did not put forward a definite programme that could unite them. They didn't even consider themselves as belonging to the same trend. What made them a group was their hero. They all chose for their main character an intelligent young man from the lower middle class; he had a university education, but was unable to find his place in a society that was suffering from class conteradictions.
Thus the characters in the novels and plays written by "the angry young men" were a true-to-life reflection of post-war English society and the thoughts and hopes of the young people of England. They showed the bitter disappointment of the young people who graduated from universities, but because of the growing unemployment could not even find proper jobs and worked as sweet-shop managers, window-cleaners etc. This disillusionment and disbelief in the future made them feel betrayed and lost and brought about their angry protests against everything and everybody. The weak point of the protests lay in their futility. The rebellion of the "angry young men" would not have been so fruitless, if they understood what it was directed against. All their attempts to fight the existing order got them nowhere. It's interesting to note that the works of "the angry young men" appeared in different genres of English literature - in drama, prose and poetry.
4. сынылан дебиет
1.T.D.Volosova, “English Literature”, M,1969.
2.M.A.Gritchuk, English for Students of Literature, Moscow 1983.
3.I.Evans A Short history of English literature , London 1966
4.G.B.Harrison Introducing Shakeaspeare, London 1966
5.G.Chauer “The Canterbury Tales”
6.T.More “Utopia”
7.D.Defoe “Robinson Crusoe”
8.J.Swift “Gulliver`s travels”
1. Дріс таырыбыModern English literature
2. Дріс жоспары
A)G.Greene, I.Murdock, A.Christie, J.Rowling.
B)Modern poetry.
C)Modern drama.
3. Дріс тезистері
Objectives:to introduceliterature ofthe 21st c, the main representatives of the period.
THE PHILOSOPHICAL NOVEL.
The political and social developments in the second half of the 20th century led the literary men of England to serious meditations on the future of mankind, the aim of man's life, man's place in society. These problems are the essence of the philosophical novel which came into existence in the early 1950s. Much of those works were influenced by the existentialist philosophy of the French modernists Sartre, Camus and others.
William Golding (1911 - 1993) was a British novelist, poet and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1983), best known for his novel Lord of the Flies. He was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980, for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book of the trilogy To the Ends of the Earth.
Dame Jean Iris Murdoch (1919 - 1999) was an Irish-born British writer and philosopher, best known for her novels, which combine rich characterization and compelling plotlines, usually involving ethical or sexual themes. Her first published novel, Under the Net, was selected in 2001 by the editorial board of the American Modern Library as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. In 1987, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.