Instrument potential transformer 2 страница
TASK 2. Read the text and translate it from English into Russian.
An electric circuit or network is a pathway through which the electric current can flow. A simple circuit consists of a power source, two conducting wires, each one attached to a terminal of the source and a device through which electricity can flow. This device is called a load and it's attached to the wires. If all the parts are properly connected, the current flows and the lamp lights up. This kind of circuit is called 'closed'. On the contrary, if the wires are disconnected the circuit is called 'open' or 'broken'. The circuit can be opened and closed by a device called a switch. Loads can turn electrical energy into a more useful form. Some examples are: light bulbs, which change electrical energy into light energy; electric motors, which change electrical energy into mechanical energy; speakers, which change energy into sound.
The source provides the electrical energy used by the load. It can be a storage battery or a generator. The switch interrupts the current delivered to the load by the source and allows us to control the flow. When an abnormally high amount of current passes through a network, you get a short circuit. This may occur when there is a drop in the resistance or a broken insulation. In order to prevent short circuits, it is best to use fuses, which melt when too much current flows through them, interrupting in this way the circuit.
TASK 3.Match the words with their definitions.
| 1. load 2. switch 3. source 4. fuse 5. closed circuit 6. broken circuit | a) a device which interrupts the circuit b) a circuit in which wires are disconnected c) a device which provides power d) a complete circuit with no breaks at all e) a device which consumes electric power f) a protective device |
TASK 4. Read the text again and answer the following questions.
1. What does a simple circuit consist of? 2. What happens to the lamp in a closed circuit? 3. Can you name some examples of loads? 4. What is a generator? 5. What is the function of a switch? 6. When does a short circuit occur? 7. What can we use to prevent short circuits? 8. How does a fuse work?
TASK 5.Complete the text with the words from the box. Then listen and check.
| current, turn on, branch, amount, positive, appliances, continue, burns out, path |
The 1) … of a circuit can be wired in two different ways: series or parallel. If components are arranged one after another to form a single 2) … between the terminals and the components, the circuit is known as a series circuit. In this type of circuit, the 3) … flows from the negative terminal to the 4) … terminal, passing through all the components of the circuit. This means that the 5) … of energy passing through all the components in the series is the same. The main disadvantage of a series circuit is that when a single component in the path 6) …, the entire circuit stops operating (e.g. Christmas tree lights).
A parallel circuit consists of several paths connecting the different components. Each separate path is called a 7) … of the circuit. Current from the source divides and flows through the different branches. Unlike series circuits, if one of the components in the parallel circuit burns out, the other paths 8) … to operate. Parallel circuits are commonly used to connect 9) … at home, so that each socket can function independently. For example, you don't have to 10) … the light in your room for the TV socket to work.
TASK 6. Read the text and find synonyms for the following words: excessive, loading up, reacting to high temperatures, adjusted, to melt, clients.
A fuse can be added to an electric circuit to protect it from the effects of undue power. This safety device, which is made of a heat-sensitive alloy, is connected in series with the circuit it has to protect. If an excessive amount of current flows through the circuit, the alloy will liquefy and open the circuit. A circuit breaker is fundamental in a house to protect circuits against overloading, overheating and short circuits. The advantage of a circuit breaker is that it can be reset after the overloading by replacing the fuse. A professional electrician should always provide his customers with a map of the electric circuit in the house so that it will be easier to work on it in case of faults.
UNIT 5
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations.
| introduction | [ntr'dk()n] | введение, вступление | |
| compare | [km'p] | сравнивать | |
| compression | [km'pre()n] | сжатие | |
| come into use | начать использоваться | ||
| achieve | ['iv] | достигать | |
| diode | ['daud] | диод | |
| capacitor | [k'pæst] | конденсатор | |
| resistor | [r'zst] | резистор | |
| separate | ['sep()rt] | отдельный | |
| require | [r'kwa] | требовать | |
| carbon | ['kb()n] | углерод | |
| ceramics | [s'ræmks] | керамика | |
| dielectric | [da'lektrk] | диэлектрик | |
| tungsten | ['tstn] | вольфрам | |
| create | [kr'et] | создавать | |
| specify | ['spesfa] | точно определять; детально излагать | |
| transmitter | [trænz'mt], [træns'mt] | передатчик | |
| receiver | [r'siv] | приемник | |
| complex | ['kmpleks] | сложный | |
| interconnection | [ntk'nek()n] | взаимная связь | |
| simplify | ['smplfa] | упрощать | |
| logical | ['lk()l] | логический | |
| assemble | ['sembl] | собирать | |
| board | [bd] | плата, подложка | |
| plug | [plg] | включать в розетку, подсоединять | |
| decrease | [d'kris] | уменьшать | |
| approach | ['pru] | подход | |
| result in/ from | [r'zlt] | приводить к чему-либо/ возникать в результате | |
| embody | включать | ||
| density | плотность | ||
| comprise | включать в себя | ||
| per square inch | [skw] | на квадратный дюйм |
TASK 2. Study the following pronunciation rules of Participle II endings and divide all the regular verbs from UNITS 1-5 into three columns according to the way their endings are pronounced.
-ed
[id] [t] [d]
[t, d] voiceless consonants voiced consonants and vowels
wanted pushed played, called
TASK 3. Study the following table of Past Simple and the rules of its use.
We use it when we speak about:
Past actions that are finished now (I played computer games yesterday.)
Past habit (I always went to school on foot.)
A series of actions in the past (I took my things, left home and went to university.)
Time references: a moment ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, last week…
Past simple
| ? | + | - | |||
| What When Where Why How How much How many Which | did | I you we they he she it | play? | I We You played They went He She It | I We You Theydid not play/ go He She It |
TASK 4. Fill in the gaps in the text below and translate from English into Russian.
A.S. Popov (1859-1906) … (be) in 1895 a lecturer in physics. He … (set up) a receiver in 1895, and … (read) a paper about it at the Meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society on April 25 (May 7, New Style) 1895. He … (demonstrate) the world's first radio receiver, which he … (call) “an apparatus for the detection and registration of electric oscillations”. By means of this equipment, Popov … (can) register electrical disturbances, including atmospheric ones. In March 1896 he … (give) a further demonstration before the same society. At that meeting the words “Heinrich Hertz” … (transmit) by wireless telegraphy in Morse code and similarly received before a distinguished scientific audience, Popov … (become) the inventor of the radio, May,7 being celebrated each year as "Radio Day" in Russia.
Marconi … (invent) a system of highly successful wireless telegraphy, and … (inspire) and … (supervise) its application. Such is the story of the many inventors of wireless telegraphy, working with each other's equipment, adding new ideas and new improvements to them. It … (be) a patient, persistent inquiry into natural laws and it was animated by the love of knowledge.
TASK 5. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the past. Listen to the recording and check your answers.
THOMAS EDISON
The American inventor Thomas Edison … (live) and … (work) in the United States all his life. He … (be) the most productive inventor ever. During his lifetime, he … (patent) 1093 different inventions, including the incandescent electric lamp (similar to the ordinary light bulb we know today), the motion-picture projector, and the phonograph. He also … (set up) the first industrial research laboratory. Edison … (have) a slow start in life. He … (be) expelled from school because people … (not realize) that he … (be) deaf, thinking instead that he … (be) unable to learn. His mother … (teach) him at home, where he had built his our laboratory by the time he … (be) 10 years old.
TASK 6. Read the text below and translate it.
LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATION IN ELECTRONICS
The most advancing technology of the present industrial age is that of electronics. The introduction of the transistor in its day seemed a marvel of compactness compared with the glass vacuum tube. Now the size of electronic devices has been reduced by 10 every five years which has led to a great compression. When the term microelectronics first came into use, a chip of silicon a tenth of a square inch might hold 10 to 20 transistors, together with a few diodes, capacitors and resistors. Now such chips can contain thousands of separate electronic components.
Until the appearance of the transistor each type of component in an electronic circuit was made from one or more materials with the required electrical characteristics. For example, carbon was used for resistors, ceramics and a dielectric for capacitors, tungsten for the emitters in vacuum tubes and so on. These components were then used like building blocks in creating a circuit with specified characteristics and responses. Circuits were combined into systems, such as a radio transmitter, a radio receiver, a radar set or a computer.
From the earliest days electronics has been a technology of complex interconnections. A small radar set can easily have as many interconnections as an oil refinery. To simplify a system design and reduce the number of interconnections engineers developed a series of standard circuit modules. Each module performed a specific function and was used as a logical building block for creating the systems. The transistor could readily be assembled with resistors and capacitors of about the same size on a small plastic board. These modular circuit boards of the size of a playing card could then be plugged together as needed.
As transistor technology developed it was important to decrease the size of components and the length of interconnections. This limitation and the complexity of system design made the search for a new technology imperative. The technology that resulted was microelectronics embodied in the integrated circuit. It made possible to produce (as a part of a single chip of silicon) transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors joining them into a complete circuit. The technology that produces such high-density electronic circuits is called large-scale integration, or LSI. Although the term has no precise definition, it is usually reserved for integrated circuits that comprise 100 or more "gates", or individual circuit functions, with a density "of 50,000 to 100,000 components per square inch. If the upper value could be achieved throughout a cubic inch of material, the density of, electronic components would be about a fourth of the density of nerve cells in the human brain. It now seems inevitable that microelectronic circuits, including LSI, will soon find their way into a variety of new applications which will have great impact on industry and everyday life.
TASK 7. Answer the following questions and retell the text.
1. How is the technology producing high-density electronic called? 2. What caused the miniaturization problem? 3. What does the term “gate” mean? 4. What seemed to be a marvel of compactness? 5. What materials were used for different components in a circuit? 6. What were those circuits used for? 7. What was done to simplify a system design? 8. Why was it important to reduce the size of components?
TASK 8. Fill in the gaps with prepositions: of, to, in, by, with.
Without understanding the inquiries … pure science, we cannot follow the story … radio. It begins perhaps … Joseph Henry, an American physicist, who discovered … 1842 that electrical discharges were oscillating. A gigantic step forward was taken … James Maxwell, a Scottish physicist and one … the great mathematical geniuses … the 19-th century. By purely mathematical reasoning, Maxwell showed that all electrical and magnetic phenomena could be reduced … stresses and motions … a medium, which he called the ether. Today we know that this “electrical medium” does not exist … reality. Yet the concept … an ether helped greatly, and allowed Maxwell to put forward his theory that the velocity … electric waves … air should be equal to that … the velocity … light waves, both being the same kind … waves, merely differing … wave length.
TASK 9. Use suffixes and prefixes to change the form of the words in brackets.
In 1878, David Hughes; an American … (physics), made another important … (discover) in the pre-history of radio and its essential components. He found that a loose contact in a circuit containing a battery and telephone … (receive) (invented by Bell in 1876) would give rise to sounds in the receiver which corresponded to those that had impinged upon the diaphragm of the mouthpiece.
In 1883, George Fitzgerald, an Irish … (physics), suggested a method by which … (electromagnet) waves might be produced by the discharge of a condenser. Next we must turn to Heinrich Hertz, the famous German … (physics), who was the first to create, detect and measure those waves, and thereby … (experimental) confirmed Maxwell's theory of “ether” waves. In his experiments he showed that these waves were capable of … (reflect), … (refract), … (polarize), … (diffract) and … (interfere).
During the first years of its … (develop), radio … (communicate) was called “… (wire) telegraphy and telephone”. This name was too long for convenience and was later changed to “radio” which comes from the well-known Latin word “radius” — a straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to a point on its circumference. Wireless … (transmit) was named radio … (transmit), or simply “radio”.
The term “radio” now means the … (radiate) of waves by transmitting stations, their … (propagate) through space, and reception by receiving stations. The radio technique has become … (close) associated with many other branches of science and … (engineer) and it is now difficult to limit the word “radio” to any simple definition.
UNIT 6
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations.
| vacuum valve | ['vækjum] | вакуумная лампа | |
| perform a function | ['fk()n] | выполнять функцию | |
| indispensable | [nd'spen(t)sbl] | важный, необходимый | |
| radar | ['red] | радар | |
| equipment | ['kwpmnt] | оборудование | |
| drawback | ['drbæk] | недостаток | |
| waste | [west] | тратить впустую | |
| heat | [hit] | нагрев, нагревать | |
| require | [r'kwa] | требовать | |
| amplification | [æmplf'ken] | усиление | |
| dimension | [da'menn] | размер | |
| radiant | ['rednt] | излучающий | |
| sensitive to | ['senstv] | чувствительный к | |
| admixture | [d'mks] | примесь | |
| particle | ['ptkl] | частица | |
| pressure | ['pre] | давление | |
| junction | ['kn] | соединение, переход | |
| emitter | [i'mitr] | эмиттер, излучатель | |
| power amplifier | усилитель мощности | ||
| dopant | ['dupnt] | легирующая примесь | |
| obtain | [b'ten] | получать, приобретать |
TASK 2. Read the text below and translate it.
TRANSISTORS
Before the invention of transistors electronic (vacuum) valves were used to perform these functions. Electronic valves are wonderful devices. Besides their indispensable use in radio and television sets, they do many other jobs. They are used in radar and motion-picture equipment. They are basic elements in “electronic brains”. But electronic valves have several drawbacks. They waste a good deal of electricity. One of the elements in a vacuum valve must be heated so that it will give off electrons. This heating requires electricity and produces unwanted heat that needs special cooling equipment to get rid of this heat.
The transistor is a semiconductor device for the amplification of electric signals. The application of transistors instead of electronic valves made it possible to design compact, small-dimension electronic devices, which consume very little power. The transistors are successfully used for direct transformation of heat energy into electrical energy by means of thermal elements. They are widely used to transform radiant energy into electricity with the help of photocells, or so-called solar batteries. Light sources and lasers are also built on the basis of transistors.
Transistors are extremely sensitive to external influences. Even thousandths of one per cent of admixtures change their electrical conductive properties by hundreds of thousands of times. They are very sensitive to the action of light, nuclear particles, pressure, etc.
Transistors are made of small germanium crystals. Germanium is an element crystalline in form. Germanium crystal used in a typical transistor may be much less than 1/8 inch square and less than 1/32 inch thick. There are different types of transistors in use, and still more are being developed. A very fine technology has been developed for obtaining transistors with pre-set physical properties by introducing into them admixtures of gold, copper, nickel, zinc. The transistor of great importance at present is the junction-type triode. This transistor contains three distinct regions of semiconductor, each having ohmic lead. One of the junctions is called the emitter, the other one — the collector. This transistor is a power amplifier.
Transistors nowadays are made of silicon too. Silicon is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator – that's why it, and other solids such as germanium, are known as semiconductors. As a semiconductor, silicon is very sensitive to impurities — these are called dopants. If you add as little as 0.0001% of a dopant to silicon, you can increase conductivity by 1000 times. The transistor consists of two types of silicon. One type has been doped with boron which gives it a positive charge – this is termed p-type silicon. The other type has been doped with phosphorus which gives it a negative charge -this is known as n-type silicon. By doping a silicon crystal with p and n type dopants a p-n junction is formed.
Transistors revolutionized radio engineering and electronics. Because of their small size, the absence of incandescence and other properties, transistors make it possible to produce devices which cannot be made with vacuum tubes.
TASK 3. Answer the following questions and retell the text.
1. What is the most common element on this planet? 2. Why is it important to use silicon? 3. Why is polythene used for insulation? 4. Is silicon an insulator or a conductor? 5. How are impurities called? 6. What can you do by doping impurities to a semiconductor? 7. What types of semiconductors can be formed by doping impurities? 8. What is a p-n junction?
TASK 4. Choose the correct answer according to the text.
1) According to the text, what is the best element for transistor production?
a) oxygen
b) silicon
c) copper
2) According to the text, polythene is resistant to electricity and it is used for
a) insulating.
b) making electric cable.
c) regulating the current flow.
3) Which of these materials is not the material of very low resistance?
a) germanium
b) copper
c) iron
4) Which of these characteristics is not common for silicon?
a) It is solid.
b) If has the ability to conduct electricity.
c) If is often used as an insulator.
5) “dopants” are
a) elements, which are resistant to electricity.
b) impurities, to which silicon is very sensitive.
c) the most common elements on the Earth.
TASK 5. Find the words opposite in meaning.
Solid, bottom, right, liquid, insulator, top, increase, positive, drop, high, left, little, conductor, negative, much, low.
TASK 6. Translate the words, pay attention to the suffixes.
1. resist, resistance, resistant
2. insulate, insulation, insulator, insulated, insulating
3. conduct, conductor, conductivity, conductance, conduction, conductive
4. electricity, electric, electrician, electrify, electrical
TASK 7. Change the sentences from active into passive.
1. Nowadays people use silicon to produce transistors. Nowadays silicon…
2. Usually we insulate copper wire with polythene. Usually copper wire…
3. We use iron and copper for making electric cable. Electric cable…
4. You can increase conductivity of silicon by adding a dopant to it. Conductivity of silicon…
5. You can form a p-n junction by doping a silicon crystal with p and n type dopants. P-n junction…
6. Professor applied a voltage to one of the contacts to show us the work of the p-n junction. A voltage…
TASK 8. Fill in the gaps with the following prepositions: to, with, of, on, in, through, at, into
1. A semiconductor chip is a tiny board made … silicon and germanium. 2. All elements can be divided … three groups; the first group includes the elements resistant ... electricity; the second one includes the elements … low resistance; and the last one includes semiconductors. 3. He said that it would be better to insulate this piece of copper wire … polythene. 4. If we look … the scheme of a p-n-p junction we can see that … the right there is an emitter, … the left there is a collector and … the middle you can see a base. 5. Compass is a device which is very sensitive … the magnetic field of the earth. 6. Each layer of semiconducting material is doped … a small amount of impurity. 7. You should connect each of the two parts of the system … separate sources of power. 8. This method can be applied … the production of new electronic devices. 9. Let’s look at the Mendeleyev Periodic Table of elements. Such elements as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen are placed … the top of table and such elements as lead, gold, mercury are … the bottom of it. 10. They say that current flows … a vacuum in only one direction.
TASK 9. Match the words with their meanings.
| a) junction b) electricity c) transistor d) silicon e) oxygen f) conduct g) raw material h) voltage i) insulate j) resist | 1. electronic device, much smaller than a radio valve, used in radio sets, usually made of silicon. 2. one of the most common elements, semiconductor, used in different electronic devices. 3. chemical element, gas without color, taste or smell, present in air, necessary to the existence of all forms of life. 4. in the natural state, not manufactured for use. 5. be unaffected by something. 6. cover or separate something with non-conducting materials to prevent passage of electricity. 7. property of conduction, developed in and around substances by rubbing to produce light. 8. transmit, allow to pass along or through. 9. electrical force measured in volts. 10. joining or being joined. |
TASK 10. Listen to the recording and fill in the gaps.
CHANGE OF STATE
Many 1) … can exist in more than one state – as a 2)…, 3) …, or gas. Which state they are in 4) … their temperature and 5) …. At certain temperatures, under normal atmospheric pressure, some substances 6) … state. Liquids, for example, may become solids or 7) …, and gases may condense into liquids. Elements change state, under normal pressure, at specific temperatures, known as 8) … (or freezing) and 9) … (or condensation) points.
TASK 11. Watch the video about the working principle of MOSFET transistor and answer the questions.
1. What does MOSFET stand for? 2. What kind of a substrate is shown in the video? 3. What are white and green colors used to show? 4. What is red color used to show? 5. What is used to produce an insulating layer? 6. What is applied above the insulating layer? 7. What elements does the MOSFET shown in the video consist of? 8. Which two elements share the same source of current? 9. How can we increase the current between source and drain? 10. Where are MOSFETS used?
UNIT 7
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations.
| equipment | ['kwpmnt] | оборудование | |
| CPU/processor | процессор | ||
| memory/storage | ['str] | память, запоминающее устройство, хранение | |
| peripherals | [p'rfrl] | периферийные устройства | |
| input device | устройство ввода | ||
| output device | устройство вывода | ||
| supply | [s'pla] | поставлять | |
| display | [ds'ple] | показывать, демонстрировать | |
| permanent | ['pmnnt] | долговременный | |
| keyboard | ['kibd] | клавиатура | |
| hardware | ['hdw] | аппаратное обеспечение | |
| software | ['sftw] | программное обеспечение | |
| accurate | ['ækjrt] | точный | |
| decision | [d'sn] | решение | |
| multiplication | [mltpl'ken] | умножение | |
| division | [d'vn] | деление | |
| subtraction | [sb'trækn] | вычитание | |
| addition | ['dn] | сложение | |
| perform | [p'fm] | выполнять | |
| user | ['juz] | пользователь | |
| communicate | [k'mjunket] | общаться | |
| procedure | [pr'si] | процедура, операция | |
| process | ['pruses] | обрабатывать | |
| store | [st] | хранить | |
| digital | ['dtl] | цифровой | |
| program | программа (компьютерная) |