Instrument potential transformer 3 страница
TASK 2. Give English equivalents of the words in brackets. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Computers can … (выполнять) a variety of tasks. 2. He’s written a piece of … (программное обеспечение). 3. The … (устройства ввода. for the CD-ROM are at the back of the computer. 4. An input device … (поставляет) information into the computer. 5. The text can be … (продемонстрирован) and edited on screen. 6. We can now … (общаться) instantly with people on the other side of the world. 7. A … (клавиатура) is an obligatory part of any computer. 8. The CPU is another name of the … (процессора). 9. A mouse is a special … (устройство ввода). 10. Input and output devices are … (периферийные устройства). 11. Input units are means of communication between the computer and the … (пользователем). 12. The result of … (сложения) is known as a sum. 13. We must perform … (умножение) before addition. 14. CD-ROM disks are for the … (долговременного) storage of information.
TASK 3. Translate the following word combinations from English into Russian and make up some sentences with them:electronic machines, arithmetic operations, logical problems, pieces of equipment, computer system, the most important item, electronic unit, Central Processing Unit, permanent storage of information.
| TASK 4. Match the synonyms. 1) to supply 2) accurate 3) to perform 4) to communicate 5) equipment 6) to display 7) permanent | 1) device 2) to carry out 3) to provide 4) to show 5) exact 6) prolonged, constant 7) to contact |
TASK 5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the forms and functions of the Participles.
1. The students testing the device study at our department. 2. The man switching off the computer works at our laboratory. 3. I thought about the question discussed at the seminar. 4. The journal taken from the library by my friend is very helpful. 5. The experiment done by the students helped them to understand this problem better. 6. This operating computer was made in the USA. 7. Translating the article I did not consult the dictionary. 8. Preparing a computer program we translate ordinary business data into machine languages. 9. While studying computer systems it is necessary to distinguish between computers and calculators. 10. While solving this problem I paid much attention to the correct computation. 11. Cybernetics is applied in various branches of industry and research. 12. The computer is testing its basic units now. 13. The students were discussing the advantages of high level languages when the teacher came. 14. The lecture was followed by a discussion.
TASK 6. Define the part of speech and the function of the words with -ed ending in the following sentences.
1. He described the method used by this engineer. 2. The engineer used the method described in this journal. 3. The programming languages discussed attracted attention of many users. 4. New methods used in programming were discussed at the seminar.
TASK 7. Mind the use of the Participle in the pairs of the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.
Model: 1. Great plants equipped with modern machinery produce computers. – Огромные заводы, оборудованные современной техникой, производят компьютеры. 2. Great plants producing computers are equipped with modern machinery. – Огромные заводы, производящие компьютеры, оборудованы современной техникой.
1. Machines called computers make complicated calculations. Machines making complicated calculations are called computers. 2. The book written by our scientists describes new inventions. The book describing new inventions was written by our scientists. 3. Our laboratory equipped with modern devices works on new projects. Our laboratory working on new projects is equipped with modern devices. 4. Microcomputers invented in the 1970s help much in research work. Microcomputers helping much in research work were invented in the 1970s.
TASK 8. Find the participles in the text “Computers today” and translate the sentences.
TASK 9. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions.
1. What are computers? 2. What operations do computers perform? 3. A computer doesn’t think, does it? 4. Is a computer a simple electronic machine? Why/why not? 5. Modern computers operate quickly and accurately, don’t they? 6. What is software? 7. What is hardware? 8. Is the processor or a monitor the most important item of a computer? 9. In what way do terms data and information differ? 10. What does a processor do? 11. What does the main memory store? 12. What peripherals do you know? 13. Does an input device supply information into the computer? 14. What kind of devices are monitors, printers and scanners?
COMPUTERS TODAY
Computers are electronic machines. They communicate with the user, perform different kinds of arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, division and multiplication, solve a series of logical problems and make thousands of logical decisions. Modern computers operate quickly and accurately. However, they don‘t think.
Every computer system consists of software, hardware, procedures and data/information. Information in the form of programs and data is called software, but the pieces of equipment that make up the computer system are known as hardware. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn‘t know what to do. The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computer is used to convert data into information. It is also used to store information in the digital form.
The most important item of hardware is the CPU (Central Processing Unit). This is the electronic unit at the centre of the computer system. The brain of the computer is the processor. It does all the processing and controls all the devices in the computer system. The main memory stores all the programs and data used by the processor.
All the other devices in the computer system are known as peripherals. These include input devices, output devices and storage devices. An input device supplies information into the computer. The most commonly used input device is a keyboard. An output device such as a monitor or a printer displays the processed data. A storage device is used for the permanent storage of information on floppy discs or CD-ROM discs.
TASK 10. Cross out the odd word.
a) processor, main memory, software
b) input device, data, storage device
c) monitor, floppy disc, printer
d) hardware, program, data
TASK 11. Decide whether the sentences are true or false.
1. Computer is made of electronic components so it is referred to as electronic device. 2. Computer has no intelligence until software is loaded. 3. There are four elements of computer system: hardware, software, diskettes and data. 4. Without software instructions hardware doesn’t know what to do. 5. The software is the most important component because it is made by people. 6. The user inputs data into computer to get information as an output.
TASK 12. Fill in the gaps with the necessary information.
Computers are complex electronic machines. They perform arithmetic … such as …, …, …, … and make thousands of logical … . All modern computers … quickly and … . Computers consist of software and … . Software includes … and data. Hardware contains the Central … Unit and the peripherals. The processor is the … of the computer. It … all the processing. The … memory … all the programs and data used by the … . An input device … information into the … . An output device … the processed data. A … device is used for the … storage of information.
TASK 13. Retell the text in the written form.
Some scientists say that without the computer the 21st century would be impossible.
Computers today are running our factories, planning our cities, teaching our children and forecasting our future. The computer solves in seconds the problems a generation of mathematicians would need months or years to solve without its help.
The degree to which computers will take over human functions may frighten some people and astonish others. If we are to believe some forecasts, computers, like the telephone or electricity, may become a common thing of every day used by almost everybody.
They can even enter our home life. They can help make up a person‘s shopping list, remind someone of important appointments and anniversaries and answer the telephone.
We often hear that the increasing flood of information will be one of the problems of the 21st century. A computer may help solve it too. In a computerized library of the future requests for information will be answered instantly and as fully as the user wants.
It’s hard to enumerate all the uses the computer may be put to.
TASK 14. Choose the correct word.
1. A personal computer is a small relatively inexpensive device designed for an individual … a) person; b) producer; c) user. 2. Input in PC is usually performed by means of a …. a) mouse; b) scanner; c) keyboard. 3. A personal computer uses … disks as input and output media. a) hard; b) fixed; c) floppy; 4. Personal computers have a lot of scientific, engineering, educational …. a) multiplication; b) application; c) investigation. 5. Microelectronics greatly extended man‘s intellectual …. a) subsystems; b) dimensions; c) capabilities. 6. The first generation computers were … and often burned out. a) uncomfortable; b) unreliable; c) uncommunicative. 7. The development of third generation computers became possible due to the invention of …. a) integrated circuits; b) electronic tubes; c) transistors. 8. A computer can solve very complex numerical …. a) computations; b) communication; c) instructions. 9. Magnetic … were the main elements used for primary memory in digital computers for many years. a) cores; b) disks; c) tapes. 10. Input-output devices allow the computer to … with its external environment. a) compute; b) command; c) communicate.
TASK 15. Listen to the first part of the recording and fill in the gaps. Use no more than THREE WORDS.
According to the diagram, there are two parts in a computer system: 1) … and 2) …. Programs that let your computer to 3) … a specific task are called software. Software comprises the 4) … and application software. Electronic or 5) … parts are called hardware. There are three main hardware sections which include the 6) …, the 7) …, and the peripherals.
Listen to the second part of the recording and decide whether the sentences below are true or false. Make the false sentences true.
1. The main memory is a special chip which executes instructions and coordinates the work of all the components in a computer system. 2. Expansion cards for video, sound and networking make your computer work better. 3. All the instructions and data which are being processed now by the main memory are held in the CPU. 4. ROM and RAM chips are used to comprise main memory. 5. ROM is a volatile type of memory, i.e. all the information is lost when the computer is turned off. 6. The units which are attached to the computer are called peripheral devices. 7. Peripheral devices are storage devices, input and output devices. 8. We use input devices help us extract data from the computer. 9. Hard disks, DVDs and flash drives are examples of storage devices.
UNIT 8
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations.
| inductor | [n'dkt] | индуктор | |
| coil | [kl] | катушка | |
| two-terminal | двухполюсной | ||
| separate | разделять | ||
| wind (wound) | [waind] | наматывать | |
| through | [ru] | через | |
| time-varying | ['vr] | изменяющийся во времени | |
| induce | [n'djus] | индуцировать | |
| direction | [d'rek()n ] | направление | |
| EMF (electromotive force) | ЭДС | ||
| oppose | противостоять, быть противоположным | ||
| characterize | ['kærkt()raz] | характеризовать | |
| inductance | [n'dkt()n(t)s] | индуктивность | |
| ratio | ['reu] | соотношение | |
| rate | скорость | ||
| magnetic core | магнитный стержень | ||
| ferrite | ['fert] | феррит | |
| linear | ['ln] | линейный | |
| make up | составлять | ||
| choke | дроссель | ||
| store | хранить | ||
| tune | настраивать |
TASK 2. Read the following sentences, pay attention to the suffixes used.
1. Inductor induces inductance.
2. A productive producer produces post-production products.
3. An inventive inventor invents new inventions every day.
4. Physics studies physical phenomena.
5. A reflecting reflector reflects reflected signals.
TASK 3.Study the following table of Participle I and Participle II.
| Present Participle – Participle I | Past Participle- Participle II | ||
| S I M P L E | Active | Passive | Changed измененный |
| Changing 1)изменяющий (-ся) изменивший (-ся) 2)изменяя (-сь) | Being changed 1)изменяемый, который изменяется 2) будучи изменяемым | ||
| P E R F E C T | Having changed Изменив (-шись) | Having been changed Будучи измененным |
TASK 4. Form Participle I and Participle II using the following verbs:invent, transform, generate, induce, transmit, plan, wind, oppose, change, characterize, resist, consist, contain.
TASK 5. Translate from English into Russian:computer-assisted, plastic–coated, program-controlled, air-cooled, battery-driven, signal-generated, program-installed, man-made, hardware-maintained, error-protected.
TASK 6. Read the text. Translate it, pay attention to the words in bald. Make up 10 questions.
INDUCTORS
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. Energy is stored in a magnetic field in the coil as long as current flows. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. According to Lenz's law the direction of induced EMF is always such that it opposes the change in current that created it. As a result, inductors always oppose a change in current.
An inductor is characterized by its inductance, the ratio of the voltage to the rate of change of current, which has units of Henries (H). Many inductors have a magnetic core made of iron or ferrite inside the coil, which serves to increase the magnetic field and thus the inductance. Along with capacitors and resistors, inductors are one of the three passive linear circuit elements that make up electric circuits. Inductors are widely used in alternating current (AC) electronic equipment, particularly in radio equipment. They are used to block AC while allowing DC to pass; inductors designed for this purpose are called chokes. They are also used in electronic filters to separate signals of different frequencies, and in combination with capacitors to make tuned circuits, used to tune radio and TV receivers.
TASK 7. Make up three sentences which would be true, false, or not given according to the information given in the text.
Model:There are only two passive linear elements in a circuit. (This sentence is false as there are three of them: capacitor, inductor and resistor)
Inductance is measured in Henries. (This sentence is true)
The coil is usually made of copper. (This information is not given; nothing is said about the material used to produce coils)
TASK 8. Listen to the recording and decide whether these statements are true or false:
1. Electricity which moves from batteries is called direct current.
2. Direct current flows from the positive electrode to the negative one.
3. Alternating current changes its polarity while it flows from positive to negative.
4. Hertz is the unit of measurement used to describe the speed of polarity change.
5. A transformer can be used to measure the current in the circuit.
6. Rectification is the process switching AC into DC with the help of diodes or transformers.
7. The ability to store electricity in an electric field is called capacitor.
8. The ability to store electricity in a magnetic field is called inductance.
9. Reactance is the way capacitors and inductors influence AC.
10. Inductance is a way to assess how easy it is for electricity to pass through an electrical device.
UNIT 9
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations.
| adjustable resistor | ['stbl] | резистор переменного сопротивления | |
| capacitance | [k'pæstnts] | емкость | |
| cross-sectional area | ['r] | площадь поперечного сечения | |
| divide | делить; разделять | ||
| essentially | ['senl] | по существу | |
| establish | устанавливать; учреждать | ||
| fixed resistor | резистор постоянного сопротивления | ||
| insulator | ['nsjlet] | изолятор | |
| inductance | [n'dktns] | индуктивность | |
| length | длина | ||
| measure | ['me] | измерять | |
| oppose | ['puz] | сопротивляться, противодействовать | |
| perform an experiment | проводить опыт | ||
| resistivity | [riz'stvt] | удельное сопротивление | |
| series | ['sriz] | серия, ряд | |
| source | [ss] | источник | |
| unit | единица | ||
| value | ['vælju] | значение; величина | |
| variable resistor | ['vrbl] | переменный резистор | |
| vary | ['vr] | изменяться | |
| weaken | ['wikn] | ослаблять |
TASK 2. Read the text and translate it from English into Russian.
RESISTORS
Now any circuit consists essentially of a combination of resistance, inductance and capacitance with one or more sources of electromotive force. Let us consider these main components of a circuit. At first let us speak about resistance and resistors.
The property of “opposing” or weakening the current is called electrical resistance. Georg Ohm in the early part of the 19th century performed a series of experiments which established the law connecting voltage and current. Symbolically, Ohm’s law is often written: R = V/I.
Resistance equals voltage divided by current. The unit of resistance is the Ohm. An ohmmeter is used to measure the value of resistance in a circuit. Different materials have different resistances. All substances may be divided into three groups according to their resistivities: conductors, semiconductors and dielectrics or insulators. A good conductor is a material of low resistivity. An insulator is a material of very high resistivity.
The resistance of a conductor depends on the length, the cross sectional area, the material of the conductor and its temperature. A resistor is a device employed to limit the value of current. Resistors may be fixed or variable. Fixed resistors have a constant value. The value of variable or adjustable resistors may be varied. A rheostat is another type of a variable resistor.
TASK 3. Answer the following questions and retell the text.
1. What main components does a circuit consist of? 2. What’s electrical resistance? 3. What is the unit of resistance? 4. Is an ohmmeter used to measure the value of resistance? 5. Into what groups may all substances be divided according to their resistivities? 6. What substance is called a good conductor? 7. What does the resistance of a conductor depend on? 8. Have insulators a very low or high resistance? 9. What two types of resistors do you know?
TASK 4. Read the words and pay attention to the suffixes used.
to resist – resistance – resistor; to insulate – insulator; to conduct – conductor – conduction; to depend – dependence; to discover – discovery; to produce – production; to equal – equality; to consider – consideration; to measure – measurement; to improve – improvement; to invent – inventor – invention.
TASK 5. Match the words.
1. substance a) chief
2. main b) to change
3. to use c) to regulate
4. fixed d) to produce
5. to make e) stable
6. to adjust f) material
7. to vary g) to employ
TASK 6. Fill in the gaps and translate the sentences.
1. Current passes through . . . with great difficulty. a) conductors; b) insulators; c) metals. 2. Fixed resistors have a . . . value. a) varied; b) constant; c) changeable. 3. The value of a . . . is varied. a) variable resistor; b) fixed resistor; c) very stable resistor (высокостабильное сопротивление) 4. Current equals . . . divided bу resistance. a) resistivity; b) inductance; c) voltage. 5. A . . . which is a good insulator at low temperature may be a good conductor at high temperatures. a) property; b) substance; c) source. 6. An ohmmeter is used to . . . the value of resistance in a circuit. a) divide; b) measure; c) transmit. 7. An engineer must know physical and mechanical . . . of materials. a) components; b) achievements; c) properties. 8. Mendeleyev discovered the periodic. . . . a) application; b) unit; c) law.
TASK 7. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in brackets, use the Active Voice.
1. A rheostat … (to be) a resistor whose resistance value may be varied. 2. Last week they … (to make) many experiments. 3. Any circuit … (to consist of) a combination of resistance, inductance and capacitance. 4. Next week he … (to demonstrate) this new device. 5. Popov … (to invent) the first radio-set. 6. A resistor … (to be) a device to limit the value of current. 7. An ohmmeter … (to measure) the value of resistance in a circuit. 8. Resistance … (to equal) voltage divided by current.
TASK 8. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in brackets, use Participle II.
1. The work … (to do) by these scientists resulted in many new discoveries. 2. A new transmitting station … (to build) in our region is very powerful. 3. The phenomenon … (to study) by this engineer is of great importance for our work. 4. Radio waves … (to radiate) by the antenna travel in all directions. 5. The experiments … (to make) by him were very useful for our work. 6. New measuring instruments … (to develop) in this laboratory will be used in this experiment. 7. A device … (to employ) to limit the value of current is a resistor. 8. The antenna receives only a small part of energy … (to radiate) by the transmitter.
TASK 9. Listen to the recording and fill in the gaps.
Apprentice Tech:Could you explain how to replace a 1) …?
Senior Tech:Sure. It's not that hard to do. The first thing is 2) … to find which resistor or resistors are bad.
Apprentice Tech:Okay. I already did that.
Senior Tech:So did you 3) … any bad resistors?
Apprentice Tech:Yes. I found one. But I haven’t 5) … it yet.
Senior Tech:Good. Are the 6) … still visible?
Apprentice Tech:Yes.
Senior Tech:Then, what you need to do is 7) … its value based on 8) … of the bands. After that you remove it.
Apprentice Tech:I cut the 9) … leads. Right?
Senior Tech:Yes, but the tricky part is that you don’t you need to touch any of the 10) …, so be sure to use diagonal cutters.
Apprentice Tech:I see.
Senior Tech:Then finish up by soldering in a new resistor with the same 11) … as the original.
Apprentice Tech:Thanks.
UNIT 10
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations.
| ability | ['blt] | способность | |
| common | ['kmn] | общеизвестный; обычный | |
| insulate | ['nsjlet] | изолировать | |
| merely | ['ml] | только, просто | |
| mica | ['mak], ['mk] | слюда | |
| plate | [plet] | пластина; обкладка (конденсатора) | |
| potential difference | [p'tenl] | разность потенциалов | |
| quantity | ['kwntt] | количество; величина | |
| side | сторона | ||
| shape | форма | ||
| space | пространство | ||
| capacitance | [k'pæstns] | емкость | |
| capacitor | [k'pæst] | конденсатор | |
| condenser | [kn'dens] | конденсатор | |
| fixed condenser | [fkst] | постоянный конденсатор | |
| variable condenser | ['vrbl] | переменный конденсатор | |
| plate area | ['r] | площадь пластины |
TASK 2. Read the text and translate it from English into Russian.
CAPACITANCE AND CAPACITORS
If two conductors are separated by an insulating space and a charge is given to the plates, the opposite sort on each side, then a potential difference exists between the plates. The two plates, together with the insulating space, have capacitance. Devices which have the ability to condense the charge are called condensers or capacitors. The simplest condenser consists of two plates separated by an insulator. Its capacitance depends on its shape, size and material. Every condenser does not consist merely of two plates, there may be very many, but they are connected together in such a way that one group is separated from the other by the dielectric. In practice the most common types of dielectrics are: air, mica, paper, plastics, etc. Two common types of condensers are in use nowadays: a fixed condenser and a variable one. There are three quantities which can be varied: the plate area, the distance between the plates and the dielectric. The basic unit of capacitance is the farad. The farad (F) is too large a unit for practical purposes and the practical units in use are the microfarad (mF) and the micromicrofarad (mmF), sometimes called the picofarad (pF).