I. Translate the following words bearing Гп mind the meaning of the affixes
and memorize them:
1. to signify (v), significance (n), significant (adj)
2. to decompose (v), composer (n), composition (n), decomposition (n)
3. to connect (v), connection (n), connective (adj)
4. to organize (v), organizer (n), organization (n)
5. to arrange (v), arrangement (n)
6. to generalize (v)t generalization (n), generality (n), general (adj)
7. concept (n), conception (n)
8. accurate (adj), accuracy (n), accurately (adv)
9. to actualizev(v), actuality (n), actual (adj), actually (adv)
10. attention (n),,attentive (adj), attentively (adv)
11. to brief (v), brief (n), brief (adj), briefly (adv).
II. Read the following words and guess their meaning:
Protoplasmatic, organization,, substance, individual, general, division, chemistry, accurate, material, crystal, classical, concept, chemicalsm, membrane.
III Underline prefixes and suffixes having the negative meaning and translate
the words:
Inconvenient, unfavourable, inorganic, invisible, countless, unpleasant, disintegration, helpless, deformation, useless, irregularity, insoluble.
IV. Find a word or a phrase with a meaning simitar to the following words:
Investigation, period, to situate, small, piece, instrument, idea, result, short, importance, precisely
IV. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms:
Exact, concept, brief, result, immense, to exist, fundamental, tiny, sort, disease,
idea, shortly, conclusion, great, to live, basic, kind, illness, similarity, to make a voyage, likeness, precise, to travel, tool, instrument, small.
V. Form verbs from the following nouns:
Classification, organization, development, division, change, use, appearance,
usefulness, observation, composer.
VII. Draw up a plan of the text "The Cell" Using sentences from the paragraphs
Or putting questions to each paragraph.
VIII. Listen to the recording of the following text and be ready to answer
questions about it:
What can you see when you examine different organs under the microscope? One thing will quickly stand out. No matter what part of the body you examine, you Will find cells.. They are the smallest living units of the body, just as bricks are the
smallest units of a brick wall. Like other animal cells, each has cytoplasm, a nucleus and a thin cell membrane. The cells of the body are built in such a way that they can do their special work best. For example, muscle cells are long and elastic. Nerve cells are very sensitive. They have many branches which connect with other nerve cells or with muscles юг glands.
Our body consists of many different kinds of cells. These cells make up our tissues, which make up the organs. A tissue is nothing more than a group of siniilar
cells all doing the same job. We have nerve, muscle, bone and blood tissues among
others.
1X. Reproduce the text in your own words:
Клетка — элементарная живая система, состоящая из двух основных частей — цитоплазмы и ядра. Она является основой строения, развития жизнедея тельности всех животных и растительных организмов. Клеточное строение обнаруживается на различных уровнях организации живой природы. Итак, клетки, составляющие тело бактерий и простейших, являются самостоятельными организмами; в отличие от этого, клетки, входящие в состав тканей многоклеточных организмов, представляют собой элементы, полностью подчиненные целостному организму. Основной план строения животных и растительных клеток сходен, однако последние отличаются некоторыми особыми чертами. У животных, например, нет микроскопически видимых оболочек, а все растительные клетки окружены хорошо выраженными целлюлозными оболочками, которые могут иметь сложное строение и включать различные органические и неорганические вещества.Unit 2.
ANIMALS AND PLANTS
No one knows how many different kinds of plants and animals there are. Some scientists estimate the number at three million. Many of them provide us with food, clothing, shelter and medicines. Some, including several kinds of insects, pierce our skin and feed on the blood.
Others, both plants and animals, even live and grow inside our bodies. In this way they may cause disease. You can see why scientists study living things with great care.
Our lives may depend on how much we have learned about the living things
around us.
Because there are so many different kinds of plants and animals, the task of the biologists is not an easy one.
Up to the present time it was named and described more than 840,000 kinds of animals and 345,000 kinds of plants, to keep track of this great number of living
things a system of classification has been set up. Plants and animals are sorted into
groups according to the way they are built. For example, the tiger, the leopard, and
the lion will be all grouped together. All of them belong to the cat family. All the
members of the cat famfly, in turn, belong to a larger group that includes such meateating animals as the dog, the bear. They have teeth that are built for tearing and cutting flesh. Their sharp claws help them to capture and eat their prey. In this way, all plants and animals were classified by their structure. All living plants and animals were divided into two kingdoms: the animal kingdom and the plant kingdom.
Among the smallest and simplest living things there are some that are difficult to classify. There are tiny plant-like cells that can swim about actively in the water. In some cases, the classification of these is still in doubt. The animal kingdom, as we have seen, includes many thousands of different animals. Scientists classify them further as follows:
Animal kingdom:
A. Invertebrates (Animals without backbones)
1. One-celled animals
2. Sponges
3. Cup animals (jelly-fishes and corals)
4. Spiny-skinned animals (starfishes and their relatives)
5. Worms
6. Molusks (oysters, snails, squids)
7. Join ted-legged animals (lobsters, spiders, insects)
B. Vertebrates (Animals with backbones)
1. Fishes
2. Amphibians (frogs, salamanders)
3. Reptiles (snakes, lizards and turtles)
4. Birds
5. Mammals
The plant kingdom includes tiny one-celled plants that can be seen only with a powerful microscope and the great redwood and sequoia trees of the Pacific coast, the oldest and the largest living things on earth. Down through the ages, man has relied upon plants for many of his needs. The beauty of plants enriches our lives. Most important of all is the fact, that the other living things in our world could not exist very long without their plant neighbours.
Some plants have no roots, stems or leaves. Some of them consist of only one cell. Others, like the giant seaweeds may be more-than 100 feet long. They are divided into two main groups. The algae have green chlorophyll. They can make their own food. The fungi have no chlorophyll. They must get their food from other plants and animals.
Notes to the text:
1. in this way — таким образом
2. in turn — в свою очередь
3. up to the present moment — до настоящего времени
4. to take саге — заботиться
5. for example — например
EXERCISES