Use and Delivery of Oxygen Therapy

Common causes of fever

Antibiotics for treatment of acute bacterial meningitis
  a) Children with acute bacterial meningitis should be treated empirically with 3rd generation cephalosporins. — Ceftriaxone: 50mg/kg per dose IV every 12 hours or 100 mg/kg once daily, or — Cefotaxime: 50mg/kg per dose every 6 hours for 10–14 days. Strong Moderate
b) Where it is known that there is no significant resistance to chloramphenicol and beta lactam antibiotics among bacteria-causing meningitis follow national guidelines or choose any of the following two regimens: — Chloramphenicol: 25 mg/kg IM (or IV) every 6 hours plus ampicillin: 50 mg/ kg IM (or IV) every 6 hours OR — Chloramphenicol: 25 mg/kg IM (or IV) every 6 hours plus benzyl penicillin: 60 mg/kg (100 000 units/kg) every 6 hours IM (or IV). Conditional Moderate
Antibiotics for treatment of acute otitis media
  a) Children with acute otitis media should be treated with oral amoxicillin at 40 mg/ kg twice per for 7–10 days. Strong Low
b) Where pathogens causing acute otitis media are known to be sensitive to co-trimoxazole, this antibiotic could be used as an alternative given twice per day for 7–10 days. Strong Low
Topical antibiotics for treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)
  a) Children with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) should, in addition to aural toilet by dry wicking, be treated with instillation of drops containing qui­nolones (such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin) three times daily for two weeks. Strong Low
b) Children who fail to respond to treatment should be referred for further evaluation for other causes of CSOM, especially tuberculosis. Strong expert opinion
Topical antiseptics for treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media
  Topical antiseptics and steroids should not be used for the treatment of CSOM in children. Strong Low
Topical steroids for treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media
  Topical steroids should not be used in treating CSOM. Weak Very Low
Antibiotics for treatment of Typhoid Fever
  a) Children with typhoid fever should be treated with a fluoroquinolone (i.e. Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Ofloxacin, and Perfloxacin) as a first line treatment for 7–10 days. — Ciprofloxacin: orally 15 mg/kg/dose twice daily for 7–10 days. Strong Moderate
b) If the response to treatment is poor, consider drug-resistant typhoid, and treat with a second line antibiotic like 3rd generation cephalosporins or azithromycin. — Cetriaxone (IV): 80 mg/kg per day for 5–7 days, OR — Azithromycin: 20 mg/kg per day for 5–7 days. Strong Moderate
c) Where drug resistance to antibiotics among salmonella isolates is known, follow the national guidelines according to local susceptibility data. Strong Moderate

Dysentery

Antibiotics for treatment of dysentery
  a) Children with diarrhoea and blood in stool (i.e. dysentery) should be treated with ciprofloxacin as a first line treatment. Ceftriaxone should be given as a second line treatment in severely ill children where local antimicrobial sensitivity is not known. — Ciprofloxacin: 15 mg/kg/dose twice daily for 3 days — Ceftriaxone: 50–80 mg/kg daily for 3 days Strong Low
b) Where local antimicrobial sensitivity is known, local guidelines should be followed. Strong Low