IV. Match (21-30) with their definitions (A-L). There are two definitions that you do not need to use.

11. to melt A. to push aside
12. to restrict B. to become or make liquid
13. to change C. functioning or producing effectively
14. to remain D. the process of continual change in the physical position of an object
15. molecule E. constituting part of a larger structure
16. average F. energy, in the form of heat
17. efficient G. to confine or keep within certain often specified limits
18. motion H to make smaller
19. partial I. the typical or normal amount
20. to reduce J. the simplest unit of a chemical compound that can exist
    K. to make different
    L. to be left, as after use

Supplementary Tasks :

I. For statements (1-10) choose the best alternative (A, B or C) to replace the expressions in italics:

1.Heat behaves in a predictable way. (line 1)

A. expected B. diagnosed C. suitable

2.… the study of heat as a form of energy is called thermodynamics. (line 3)

A. investigation B. analysis C. review

3.… energy cannot be created or destroyed …(line 5)

A. originated B. developed C. produced

4.Any form of energy can be converted entirely into heat. (line 8)

A. modified B. reconstructed C. transformed

5.… it is the motion of particles of matter … (line 12)

A. measurement B. movement C. motivation

6.… the particles of a hot object transfer some of their energy ... (line 14)

A. transact B. transmit C. transcend

7.… a certain amount of energy will always be lost as heat. (line 16)

A. quantity B. quality C. weight

8.... such thing as a perpetual motion machine … (line 18)

A. continual B. temporary C. permanent

9.… and turned the wheel around to operate the diagonal screw. (line 20)

A. control B. function C. use

10.... the transfer of heat energy between matter in contact. (line 28)

A. substance B. material C. particle

II. Determine the key message of the text. Choose the best alternative (A, B, C, D or E):

A. The law of energy conservation is the main law of thermodynamics.

B. Temperature and energy in all forms are interrelated.

C. The laws of thermodynamics are the laws of energy loss and conservation.

D. There are advantages and disadvantages of heat transformation.

E. Energy transformation into heat is of great importance in nature.

TEXT 6

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

                            (1)Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it; "the study and design of intelligent agents," where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines." AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. (2)The field of artificial intelligence research was founded in the summer of 1956 by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon. They and their students wrote astonishing programs: computers were solving word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English. By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by the Department of Defense and laboratories had been established around the world. (3)In 1974, in response to the criticism of England's Sir James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from Congress to fund more productive projects, the U.S. and British governments cut off all undirected, exploratory research in AI. The next few years, when funding for projects was hard to find, would later be called an "AI winter". (4)In the early 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercial success of expert systems, a form of AI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts. By 1985 the market for AI had reached over a billion dollars. At the same time, Japan's fifth generation computer project inspired the U.S. and British governments to restore funding for academic research in the field. (5)In the 1990s and early 21st century, AI achieved its greatest success. Artificial intelligence is used for logistics, data mining, medical diagnosis and many other areas throughout the technology industry. The success was due to several factors: the incredible power of computers today, the creation of new ties between AI and other fields working on similar problems, and above all a new commitment by researchers to solid mathematical methods and rigorous scientific standards.