IV. Match (21-30) with their definitions (A-L). There are two definitions that you do not need to use.

21.	to provide	A.	to declare a plan for something
22.	a route	B.	with quick movements
23.	traffic	C.	the spatial property of being scattered about over an area or volume
24.	to propose	D.	occurring in or belonging to the present time
25.	a distribution	E.	according to routine or established practice
26.	a goal	F.	to use or have jointly or in common
27.	a policy	G.	an established line of travel or access
28.	current	H.	to supply
29.	rapidly	I.	the method by which any institution is administered
30.	to share	J.	the aggregation of things coming and going in a particular locality
		K.	the state of affairs that a plan is intended to achieve
		L.	to command against

Supplementary Tasks :

I. For statements (1-10) choose the best alternative (A, B or C) to replace the expressions in italics:

1.If the most direct route was not available … (line 5)

A. compatible B.accessible C. interoperable

2.… anyone who used it had to learn to use a very complex system … (line 8)

A. complicated B. compulsoryC. common

3.… a significant event took place in making … (line 9)

A. exponential B. essentialC. marginal

4.… a system of embedding links in text to link to other text … (line 11)

A. inserting B. unitingC. pressing

5.Commercial uses were prohibited … (line 14)

A. authorized B. forgivenC. banned

6.A current trend with major implications … (line 17)

A.suggestionsB. applicationsC. inclusions

7.… digital subscriber lines are predominant now … (line 20)

A. conventional B. prevalentC. spare

8.… hotels and motels now routinely provide these services … (line 24)

A. regularly B. occasionallyC. rarely

9.Another trend that is rapidly affecting web designers … (line 26)

A. influencing B. pretendingC. reflecting

10.… social networking and collaborative services … (line 31)

A. operative B. jointC. effective

II. Determine the key message of the text. Choose the best alternative (A, B, C, D or E):

A.The Internet was designed to provide communication.

B.The Internet connects users even wirelessly.

C.The Internet expanded from the scientific use to the commercial one to connect users.

D.Computer users are able to access the Internet and surf it.

E.The Internet provides research in various areas even wirelessly and freely.

TEXT 11

DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON

(1)Thomson’s most important line of work, interrupted only for lectures at Princeton University in 1896, was that which led him, in 1897, to the inference that all matter, whatever its source, contains particles of the same kind that are much less massive than the atoms of which they form a part. They are now called electrons, although he originally called them corpuscles. (2)His discovery was the result of an attempt to solve a long-standing controversy regarding the nature of cathode rays, which occur when an electric current is driven through a vessel from which most of the air or other gas has been pumped out. (3)Nearly all German physicists of the time held that these visible rays were produced by occurrence in the ether – a weightless substance then thought to pervade all space – but that they were neither ordinary light nor the recently discovered X rays. British and French physicists, on the other hand, believed that these rays were electrified particles. (4)By applying an improved vacuum technique, Thomson was able to put forward a convincing argument that these rays were composed of particles. Furthermore, these rays seemed to be composed of the same particles, or corpuscles, regardless of what kind of gas carried the electric discharge or what kinds of metals were used as conductors. Thomson’s conclusion that the corpuscles were present in all kinds of matter was strengthened during the next three years, when he found that corpuscles with the same properties could be produced in other ways – e.g., from hot metals. Thomson may be described as “the man who split the atom” for the first time, although “chipped” might be a better word, in view of the size and number of electrons. Although some atoms contain many electrons their total mass is never so much as 1/1000 that of the atom. (5)By the turn of the century most of the scientific world had fully accepted Thomson’s far-reaching discovery. In 1903 he had the opportunity to amplify his views on the behaviour of subatomic particles in natural phenomena when, in his Silliman Lectures at Yale, he suggested a discontinuous theory of light; his hypothesis foreshadowed Einstein’s later theory of photons. In 1906 he received the Nobel Prize for Physics for his researches into the electrical conductivity of gases; in 1908 he was knighted; in 1909 he was made president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; and in 1912 he received the Order of Merit.