Integrating Sources into the Text
§ Avoid plagiarism, i.e. using other authors’ words or ideas without indicating the source. Even if you paraphrase or summarise other authors’ ideas, always indicate the source!
§ Give bibliographical references in short form at relevant points in the text. A short reference consists of the surname of the author followed by the date of publication in parentheses, for example, Jones (1999).
§ Provide page references when reference is made to a specific passage in a book or article. These appear after the date of publication and are preceded by a colon and a single space: Jones (1996: 296–299) or Jackson (1999: 79).
| one author | (Cameron 2000: 5) |
| two authors | (Norton and Green 1991: 202) |
| for more than two authors use et al. | (Robson et al. 1988: 48) |
| for different works by the same author of the same year | (Asher 1966a: 51) (Asher 1966b: 14) |
| no author | the examples are borrowed from Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics (1997) |
§ When several short references occur within parentheses, use commas to separate different dates of publication and colons to separate different authors: (Brown 1965, 1967; Smith 1968). Multiple references must be listed in alphabetical order (for several names) and in chronological order (for several publications).
§ For repeated citations use Latin abbreviations:
| ibid. (in the same place) | relates to the same work, cited immediately before: § it can refer to the same page; § it can also refer to a different page. | (ibid: 35) |
§ Use direct quotations when the exact words of the source are important for your purpose.
§ Quote accurately. Be careful to avoid mistakes of any kind. After copying a passage proofread your version comparing it with the original.
§ Avoid using too long quotations (over 4 lines).
§ Supply quotations by your commentary and account for the use of a quotation in the context.
§ Start and end a quotation with quotation marks. Use single inverted commas unless a quoted extract includes another quotation within it; in this case the first quotation shall be included in double quotation marks and the second – in single quotation marks.
§ Do not use « »to mark quotations.
§ If a quotation contains punctuation marks (full stop, semi-colon, comma, question mark, exclamation mark, etc.) and the corresponding passage ends with the same punctuation mark, place the quotation mark after the punctuation mark.
§ If use a direct quotation as a part of your sentence, integrate it in the following way:
Parents should make the language they speak with a bilingual child clear for him/her, as Arnberg (1991) puts it, ‘in order for children to make use of adult input in their own construction of language, this input must match the child’s level of development’ (1991: 110).
§ If a work is by more than one author, use plural verb with the reference:
‘Quirk et al. (1985: 1045) point out that…’
§ If a quotation is not a part of your sentence and is longer than about 30 words long, it must be 12 point text size, set out separately, single-spaced, indented about 1cm from the left and the right hand margins. Do not use quotation marks. For example:
There is vague agreement among linguists regarding the term phraseological loan which includes all types of idiom loans.
A phraseological loan is an idiom that has arisen through a full or part is borrowing of foreign prototype. It can be built upon the native language material on the basis of the motivation or model of a foreign language, which has become a new structurally semantic entity (Veisbergs 1999: 16).
§ If some part of the quotation is not relevant for your paper, you may omit it. Indicate the omission by three ellipsis dots, e.g. ‘[…] language contacts for Latvian have been primarily one-sided, i.e., Latvian has borrowed from other languages but others have not borrowed from Latvian […]’ (Veisbergs 1999: 16).