ВЫПОЛНЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАНИЯ И

ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ

1.Количество контрольных заданий, выполняемых Вами на каждом курсе, устанавливается учебным планом университета.

2.Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предлагается в четырех вариантах. Вы должны выполнить один из четырех вариантов, указанный преподавателем. Все остальные варианты можно использовать в качестве материала для дополнительного чтения.

3.Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, группу, номер контрольной работы и название учебника, по которому Вы занимаетесь, а также фамилию Вашего преподавателя.

4.Контрольные работы должны выполняться аккуратно, четким почерком. При выполнении контрольной работы оставляйте в тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и методических указаний рецензента.

5.Выполненные контрольные работы направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в установленные сроки.

ИСПРАВЛЕНИЕ РАБОТЫ НА ОСНОВЕ РЕЦЕНЗИЙ

При получении от рецензента проверенной контрольной работы ознакомьтесь с замечаниями рецензента, проанализируйте и исправьте отмеченные в работе ошибки.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА N 1

1. Времена группы Indefinite (действительный залог).

2. Времена группы Indefinite (страдательный залог).

3. Оборот there + be.

4. Степени сравнения прилагательных.

ВАРИАНТ 1

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1. Не wakes up around six o'clock and has a cup of coffee.

2. I hate authority. It spoils the relations between parent and child.

3. I never knew of this woman's existence till half an hour ago.

4. We'll just talk about the weather and the crops for a few minutes and then we'll have dinner.

5. I hope we shall see something of you while you are in London.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждой из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She was woken from her sleep by his singing.

2. The news will be announced after dinner.

3. Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in concrete.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие оборот there + be. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на вреня глагола to be.

1. There were only a few higher educational establishments which trained geologists and mining engineers in our country at that time.

2. There are many reasons of weathering (эрозия, выветривание} , but much depends on the change in temperature.

3. There is not a single internal support for the roof of this building.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. She had the kind of heart trouble that comes to much older people.

2. His reading was more extensive than ever before.

3. It's the biggest risk I've ever had to take.

4. He had the consolation of noting that his friend was less sluggish than before.

5. The sooner this is done, the better.

6. The sun is not so hot today as I thought it would be.

5. Прочтите и устно переведите текст:

GREAT BRITAIN

Great Britain (official name - the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is situated on two large islands, the larger of which is Great Britain, the smaller is Ireland. In addition to these two islands Great Britain includes over five hundred small Islands. The total area of Great Britain is 240,000 sq. kms, its population is 56,000,000 people.

In the north-west and west the country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea, in the east - by the North Sea. The island of Great Britain is separated from France by the English Channel. Northern Ireland, which is a part of Great Britain and which is situated on the island of Ireland, is separated from Great Britain by the North Channel.

The island of Great Britain is divided into two parts: mountainous (in the north and west of the island) and lowland (in the south and east). There are no very long rivers in Great Britain. The most important rivers are the Thames (the deepest) and the Severn (the longest). The rivers seldom freeze in winter. Due to moderating influence of the sea Great Britain has an insular climate, rather humid and mild, without striking discrepancy between seasons.

Great Britain consists of four main parts: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Administratively Great Britain is divided into 55 counties. The biggest cities of Great Britain are London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.

England is the largest part of Great Britain (it occupies over 50% of the territory and its population amounts to 83% of the total population of Great Britain). Wales is a peninsula in the south-west of the island of Great Britain. It occupies about 9% of its territory with the population of 4.8% of the total population. The Welsh speak their own language. Scotland is the most northern part of Great Britain with the territory of 32% of the total territory and with the population of 9% of the total population of Great Britain. Northern Ireland occupies the north-east part of the island of Ireland. Its territory amounts to 5.2% of the total territory of Great Britain. The main cities of Northern Ireland are Belfast and Londonderry.

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the Queen (or the King). However, the power of the Queen in Great Britain is not absolute. She acts only on the advice of the ministers and Parliament. There is no written constitution in Great Britain. The main principles of British legislation are expressed in other documents, like "Magna Charta", "Habeas Corpus Act", "Bill of Rights", the Parliamentary Act which decided the position of the House of Lords, the Judicature Act, etc. The British legislation does not provide written guarantees of individual political rights.

Parliament in Great Britain exists since 1265 and is the eldest Parliament in the world. It consists of two Houses - the House, of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of 1000 peers who are not elected by the people. The House of Commons is a nation-wide representative body which is elected by the people at a general election not less frequently than once in 5 years. After the general election the Queen appoints the head of the government - the Prime Minister. As a rule the Prime Minister is the leader of the party that has won the election. The Prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government.

There are two main political parties in Great Britain: the Conservative party and the Labour party. The Conservative party came into being in the 19th century as a result of the evolution of the Tory party. The Labour party was founded In 1900. Since 1906 it has borne the name of the Labour Party. For the first time the Labour Party won the election in 1945.

Great Britain is a highly-developed industrial country. The main fields of British industry are machine-building, ship-building, metallurgy, electronics, etc.

6. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What are the main parts of Great Britain? 2. How many islands is Great Britain situated on? What are the largest? 3. When was the British constitution adopted? 4. Who is the head of the state in Great Britain? 5. What is the official name of Great Britain?

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждой из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Her son works near here and so, after her husband's death, she came down to live here and he boards with her.

2. I saw the announcement in the paper this morning.

3. Croft informed us at breakfast that you told him to bring Mrs Warren and Vivie over here today.

4. I think I shall remain in love with you all my life.

5. The old age pension will keep me in bread, tea and onions, and what more does an old man want?

2. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. They were received with great frankness and charm.

2. Nearly all the furniture will be taken out of the room.

3. I'm not often shocked, you know, but this does shock me a little.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие оборот there + be. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на время глагола to be.

1. There are three main groups of rocks, namely, sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.

2. There were several other students taking lessons in the big untidy Rondel's studio.

3. As there are no rules to tell us when a picture or statue is right it is usually difficult to explain in words why we feel that it is a great work of art.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. I suppose Velasquez was a better painter than El Greco.

2. She said this with the shadow of a smile although one could feel that she was more anxious than she wanted to appear.

3. At that time I worshipped Manet. Нis "Olympia" seemed to me the greatest picture of modern times.

4. He looked younger than his years, much younger than Sheila or me.

5. The longer I think of his proposal the 1еss I like it.

6. You are not as nice as people think.

5. Прочтите и устно переведите текст:

The United States of America

After its 200th birthday the United States of America still holds the leading position in the western world. A country that inspired many appellations - "Land of Opportunity", "Melting Pot", "God's Country", is still referred to us as a land of superlatives - "the richest", "the greatest", "the most".

What makes the USA the leader of the western world is its economic, political and military dominance over other countries.

The United States lies in the central part of the North American Continent between the two oceans: the Atlantic Ocean to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the West. Friendly Canada to the north and friendly Mexico to the south are the only countries bordering it.

The USA consists of three separate parts. They are the Hawaiian Islands, situated in the central part of the Pacific Ocean, Alaska separated by the Canadian territory and the rest major part of the USA. The states differ very much in size, population and economic development.

There are many big cities and towns in the USA: New York, San Francisco, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles are the biggest of them.

The United States of America is a parliamentary republic. The government is divided into three branches: legislative (the US Congress), executive (the President and his Administration) and judicial (the US Supreme Court).

There are two main political parties in the USA: the Democratic (symbolized by a "donkey") and the Republican (its symbol is an "elephant"). The US President is both head of state and government. He is elected for a four-year term. Presidential elections are held every leap year on first Tuesday after first Monday in November. The President is assisted by Secretaries who are the heads of the executive departments.

The Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices who are appointed for life. It is supposed to decide whether a law of the Congress or an executive order of the President is constitutional or not.

The form of US government is based on the Constitution of September 17, 1787, adopted after the War of Independence. In December 1791, the Congress adopted ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights. The latter enumerated what the government controlled by the oligarchy was not going to be allowed to do, which was, of course, an important democratic gain for people.

The Congress of the United States is composed of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states and the House represents the population according to its distribution among the states. All states have electoral requirements of the same nature. First of all they are residence requirements.

Through its power over the purse, the US Congress can control much that relates to foreign policy, also it is a governmental body that determines taxation.

Each of the fifty states of the USA has a constitution patterned after the federal Constitution, with its divisions of power: legislative, executive, and judicial.

The Presidency means not only a man: means an institution - the "executive branch" of the government.

The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and the head of the judicial branch of US government. The federal and state courts have the power of "Judicial review". Also there are about ninety district courts in different parts of the United States. American judicial practice is firmly committed to the idea of jury trials. The Constitution guarantees them for both criminal and civil cases. According to the US judicial doctrine, "justice is a relationship in which each citizen or group receives due respect and return."

VI. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What are the main political parties in the USA? 2. When are presidential elections held? 3. What does the Supreme Court consist of? 4. When was the US Constitution adopted? 5. Is the USA the biggest country in the world?

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. She announced to the workers that the experiment was dangerous.

2. It seems to me that I hear a strange noise outside.

3. Of course it can't last, but it will be a wonderful experience for him.

4. He didn't explain the traffic regulations to me.

5. I shall not work any more today; I shall stay with you.

1. Не will never be allowed into their house again.

2. Their children are not taken good care of at home.

3. Denis was overwhelmed by an emotion that was strange and new.

1. England is an island country and its territory isn't very large. That's why there is no wide range of climatic conditions in it.

2. Practically there are three main systems of measurement today: the British system of units, the Metric system of units and the System of International Units.

3. There was deep peace in Kashima till Mrs Vansuythen arrived.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Не was shorter than I was, and not more than an inch or two taller than Irene, but his shoulders, neck and wrists were strong.

2. The greatest ideas are the simplest.

3. He is much worse now than yesterday.

4. The longer I listened to her story, the more sympathetic I became.

5. Dorothy is less generous than she pretends to be.

6. The western part of the country is not so dry as the eastern part.

5. Прочтите и устно переведите текст:

Canada

Canada consists of almost all of the North American continent north of the US except Alaska. Its total land area of more than 9 mln sq. km makes it the second largest country in the world.

Canada's topography is dominated by the Canadian Shield, an ice-scoured area covering half the country. Most of northern Canada has subarctic or arctic climates, with long winters lasting 8 to 11 months, short sunny summers, and little precipitation. In contrast, the populated south has a variety of climatological landscapes.

The total population according to the census 1981 was about 24 mln people with the average population density of 2.8 per sq. km.

English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all governmental institutions.

Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 2 northern territories. The federal Parliament is made up of the House of Commons and the Senate. The leader of the party that wins the largest number of seats in a newly elected House of Commons is asked to form the government.

The civil law follows English common law everywhere except in Quebec, where it follows the Napoleonic Code.

Canada is a world leader in the production of asbestos, nickel and different other elements, forestry products, and ranks first in the world in export of minerals. Although no longer the foremost sector of the economy, agriculture is of major importance to the economy as a whole and still is basic in many areas. Canada is among the world's leading wheat producers and is second in the export of wheat.

Basically, Canada has a free-enterprise economy- A recurrent problem for Canada has been the dominant position of US corporations and investors.

Quebec is Canada's largest province, having an area of nearly 600,000 square miles. The land is rich in raw materials, and the hundreds of fast-flowing rivers have a tremendous hydroelectric power potential. Already Quebec has the highest per capita production of hydropower of any region. Raw materials and power make manufacturing the province's most important industry, but agriculture is still of major importance.

Ontario might quite justifiably be called the heart of Canada. Geographically it is situated at the centre of the country. It has the largest population of any province, in area it is second only to Quebec. One-half of the manufactured produce of Canada comes from Ontario, mainly from the south. Southern Ontario is also the most productive agricultural area in Canada, and the north is rich in timber and minerals. Ontario's capital, Toronto, is the financial centre of Canada.

Saskatchewan and Alberta were the last of the Canadian provinces to be settled. The early history of modern Alberta was much the same as that of Saskatchewan - the fur traders and explorers, a few missionaries living among the Indian tribes, the Northwest Mounted Police bringing law and order to the West in the 1870's, and finally the Canadian Pacific Railway bringing settlers. At present Saskatchewan provides well over half of Canada's annual production of wheat. Other sources of income are oil, coal, natural gas, iron, copper, zinc, gold, silver and uranium.

6. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What can you say about the climate of Canada? 2. What is its political status? 3. Does Canada have one official language? 4. What is the jurisdiction of Canada like? 5. Characterise Canada's economy.

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. "Do you often come to these parties?" inquired Jordan of the girl beside her.

2. My mother first heard of him when I was a mere child.

3. I found some matches, climbed on the table, lit the gas lamp, then settled down to read.

4. I'm afraid he'll be a bit lonely, poor darling.

5. I know I'm right, and one of these days you'll realize it.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое я определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The white exteriors of the tower blocks are decorated at intervals by pleasant blue-coloured panels which appear to be of some ceramic material.

2. It was explained that Roy was unaccountably absent from duty that morning.

3. If you come so late the front door will be locked and you'll have to go by the back door.

1. There is harmony of design in this statue.

2. In Florence, where there was so much art, there were no art schools.

3. There are regions in India where the minimum temperature touches sub zero, while in others it can reach 50 degrees C.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Не found the work easier than he had expected.

2. I was now a more experienced man and it was not easy to deceive me.

3. Apart from the bed there was only a straw-bottomed chair to sit on, for it was the smallest of the rooms.

4. John is less musical than his sister.

5. He became more cautious as he grew older.

6. His skin was not so bronzed as a Tahiti native's.

5. Прочтите и устно переведите тексты:

Australia

Australia is lying south-east of Asia, between the Pacific and Indian oceans. It is the world's smallest continent which is almost completely surrounded by ocean expanses. Its total area is 7,682,300 sq. km.

The continent of Australia is divided into four general topographic regions: a low, sandy eastern coastal plain, the eastern highlands, the central plain, and the western plateau. Although Australia has a wide diversity of climatic conditions, the climate of Australia is generally warm and dry, with no extreme cold and little frost. It changes from comfortably mild in the south to hot in the central interior and north.

The total population in 1986 was about 16 mln people with the average population density of about 2 persons per sq. km. Most Australians are of British or Irish ancestry. More than 99% of the population speaks English.

The capital of Australia is Canberra. Australia has a federal parliamentary government. The Australian federation was formed on January 1, 1901, from six former British colonies, which thereupon became states. The Australian constitution combines the traditions of British parliamentary monarchy with important elements of the US federal system. Powers of the federal government are enumerated and limited. The government consists of the British sovereign and the Australian Parliament.

Australia is the world's largest wool producer and one of the world's largest wheat exporters. The main sources of foreign earnings are wool, food and minerals which also provide raw materials for home processing industry.

New Zealand is situated in the southwest Pacific Ocean on two large islands: the North Island and the South Island. Its total area is 268,112 sq. km.

Less than 1/4 of the territory of the country lies below the 200 m contour line. The South Island is significantly more mountainous than the North Island. New Zealand has temperate, moist ocean climate without marked seasonal variations in temperature or rainfall.

The total population in 1986 was about 3.3 mln people with the average population density of about 12 persons per sq. km. About 85% of the population is classified as Europeans. Most of them are of British descend. English is the universal language. The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. Like the United Kingdom New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the British Queen (or the King) whose representative, the governor-general, is appointed for a five-year term. The government of New Zealand is democratic and modeled on that of the United Kingdom.

The economy of New Zealand has traditionally been based on pastoral farming. The last decades have seen a large expansion in the light Industries. New Zealand draws many thousands of tourists to its shores because of the beauty, diversity, and compactness of its natural attractions.

6. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What kind of climate is there in Australia? 2. Who is the head of the state in New Zealand? 3. What are the main branches of the Australian economy? 4. How many states does Australia consist of? 5. What is the capital of New Zealand?

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА N 2

1. Многофункциональность окончания -s.

2. Особенности перевода определений, выраженных именем существительным.

3. Порядок слов в английском повествовательном предложении.

4. Времена группы Continuous (действительный залог).

5. Времена группы Continuous (страдательный залог).

6. Многозначность that, those, one, ones, it.

ВАРИАНТ 1

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, определив по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова. оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1) показателем третьего лица единственного числа в Present Simple (Present Indefinite);

2) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. The region supplies the country with fuel and energy.

2. They produce modern machines for all branches of the national economy.

3. The country's economic development is one of the important tasks of our new government.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. The reporter spoke about the fulfillment of the Food Programme in the region.

2. Economic development plans provided for the development of the key industries of Siberia.

3. Students carry out their laboratory tests in modern well-equipped laboratories.

3. Составьте предложения из следующих слов, руководствуясь правилом о порядке слов в английском повествовательном предложении.

1. 1) has, 2) many, 3) now, 4) the region, 5) factories.

2. 1) no, 2) the area, 3) coal deposits, 4) has.

3. 1) methods, 2) develop, 3) of, 4) modern, 5) production, 6) scientists and engineers.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Electronics is becoming very important in various branches of industry.

2. We shall be waiting for you at the bus-stop at 5 o'clock.

3. Numerous questions are being considered by the commission.

4. When he came to Baku in 1962 the first metro line was being built.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая различные значения слов that, those, one, ones.

1. The changes that take place during the freezing of a liquid are opposite to those that take place during the melting of the solid.

2. Your doctor does not agree with the opinion that your disease is incurable.

3. Those experimental methods were known in the 18th century.

4. That the sun is a star is a very important fact.

5. One gram of water will dissolve almost 5 g of zinc chloride.

6. To understand this matter thoroughly one must have knowledge of reaction rate.

7. Hydrogen consists of particles, each one is made of 2 hydrogen atoms.

8. They study organic processes and inorganic ones.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их. учитывая различные значения слова it.

1. It is known that the device works well.

2. It was not easy for the operator to start the engine.

3. It is the crystalline conductivity that is decreased.

4. If atoms cannot be seen it does not mean that they do not exist.

5. An atom is made of protons, neutrons and electrons, the number of which can be easily calculated in it.

7. Прочтите и устно переведите тексты. Переведите письменно второй абзац текста "Surprising Money".

Sodium

Sodium carbonate was known at a very early stage in human development but no distinction was drawn between sodium and potassium salts. In the sixteenth century the Arabs introduced the name "natron" into Europe for sodium carbonate, as distinct from "nitrum" for potassium nitrate. They also supplied the word alkali to the ashes of plants, but did not distinguish between the ashes of land plants, which contained potassium carbonate, and those of sea and salt-marsh plants, containing sodium carbonate.

A distinction between these two classes of ash was made in 1736.

Sodium metal was isolated in 1807.

Sodium is a very reactive metal, it is not found free in nature. It is, however, present as a silicate in many minerals and from these rocks it finds its way into the soil in the process of weathering and thence into the sea.

Sodium is a soft white metal which can easily be cut with a knife. The melting-point of the metal is low, 98 degrees C; it boils at 883 degrees C. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Sodium reacts very readily with acids. Sodium dissolves in mercury, to form amalgams.

Sodium hydroxide is used in soap manufacture, and in the dye and artificial silk industries.

Surprising Money

Have you ever heard of "coins" so heavy that it takes several men to carry them? It's too surprising but you'll find such coins on the Island of Yap, In the East Pacific Islands. They are made of stones with hole in the centre. The natives still use them as money.

These coins are probably the heaviest and the biggest known. The lightest and the smallest were the gold coins used in Southern India at the beginning of the last century. They were "pin-head" size.

What Is the Origin of the Dollar Sign?

Historians are not certain how the United States began using the $ as a dollar sign. The probably explanation is that it comes from a design marked on old Spanish coins called "pieces of eight." Before Americans had their own dollars, they used this Spanish coin for a silver dollar. One side of the coin was stamped with the symbol of Philip V of Spain - a ribbon winding around the two Pillars of Hercules, Gibraltar and Ceuta. The $ formed by the ribbon around each pillar may have led to the dollar sign, $. Dollars became America's official currency in 1792.

VIII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. Who introduced the name "natron" into Europe? 2. When was a distinction between the two classes of ash made? 3. What is sodium? 4. What are the heaviest coins made of? 5. When did dollars become America's official currency?

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их. Определив по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1) показателем третьего лица единственного числа в Present Simple (Present Indefinite);

2) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. Our engineers' work helps to achieve great results in the development of heavy industry.

2. The development of these deposits has great economic effect.

3. This problem needs a special approach.

1. Our University pays great attention to computer education.

2. Well-known architects and economists took part in the discussion of a new long-term town-building programme.

3. This instrument allows to determine all parameters of coal quality.

1. 1) were, 2) industrial, 3) in, 4) enterprises, 5) there, 6) the region, 7) no.

2. 1) close, 2) established, 3) the, 4) Academy, 5) contacts, 6) scientists, 7) with,

8) foreign.

3. 1) problem, 2) in detail, 3) this, 4) studied, 5) they.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол—сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. This problem is being discussed by many scientists both in our country and abroad.

2. He was carrying out his experiments when I entered the laboratory.

3. The experiments were still being made in some laboratories when the new term began.

4. They will be testing a new automatic driving system tomorrow.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая различные значения слов that, those, one, ones.

1. The speaker touched upon only one important problem - the state of higher education in Great Britain.

2. The training of oil engineers includes a comprehensive study of general subjects as well as specialized ones.

3. One can get higher education in colleges and universities.

4. These experimental methods are similar to those known before.

5. It should be mentioned that metals in solid state are crystalline.

6. Gases take the volume and shape of the vessel that contains them.

7.That this liquid can be evaporated to dryness there is no doubt.

8. The conduction of an electric current by a solution differs from that of an electric current by a metal.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая различные значения слова it.

1. It is the development of chemical processes that his report deals with.

2. Though this subject was very difficult for him he mastered it well.

3. It was interesting for the students to solve this problem.

4. It is necessary to translate this text.

5. It was his best speech.

7. Прочтите и устно переведите тексты. Переведите письменно второй абзац текста Cars Can Drink And Drive.

Cars Can Drink and Drive

Seriously though, a Volkswagen Beetles (popular type of Volkswagen car) is part of modern technology - part of the search for new fuels to replace oil. It runs on a mixture of petrol and alcohol - called gasohol. And it's one of six million cars in Brazil now using that fuel. Brazil is already in the post-petroleum age. Some of the trains in Brazil even use gasohol. And the steel factories there will soon run on gasohol.

It is quite easy to make alcohol. All you need is sugar cane and vegetable matter. And Brazil has a lot of land on which to grow vegetable matter. The government of Brazil plans to export alcohol and the technology to make gasohol. So instead of importing petrol costing five billion dollars a year, one day Brazil's exports of fuel may be worth more than her imports.

So far, alcohol is more expensive than petrol. But it is a cleaner fuel and cars get a better mileage from it. And experts believe that soon it will be cheaper than petrol.

Brazil believes that gasohol is one of the fuels of the future. And even the US is now spending money on programmes to develop the production of gasohol. "This is one area of energy research in which the Brazilians have an advantage over everyone else," said a US official to Newsweek magazine. "There are a lot of things for us to learn from Brazil."

Where Does the Word "Dollar" Come From?

The word "dollar" has been in use since the 16th century in England and was used very early on in the United States to refer to the currency that was used by settlers. Its history begins in Europe.

Dollar is the English word for "Thaler" which German speakers will recognize as the silver coin used in Austria. This silver coin was originally made from silver mined in Joachim's Thal -that's Joachim valley in Germany.

Meanwhile, the currency often used in the British colonies in North America was a Spanish coin - the peso, or eight reals also known as "pieces of eight". This coin they called a dollar. So the term was used in America for two centuries before the British colonies became independent at the end of the 18th century.

8. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What kind of fuels is this text about? 2. Why do they say that it is quite easy to make alcohol? 3. What are the advantages of gasohol? 4. What is the origin of the English word "dollar"? 5. How long has the world "dollar" been in use in England?

ВАРИАНТ 3

1.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, определив по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1) показателем третьего лица единственного числа в Present Simple (Present Indefinite);

2) признаком множественного числа имени существительного.

3) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. Nominally a question of economics, development policy actually affects Washington's relations with its allies, with the Third World and with the oil-exporting countries.

2. Ford and Toyota are deep into discussion about a possible partnership to produce a Toyota car or van in one of Ford's assembly plants.

3. Once she got an offer, but the wages were only fourteen shillings a week.

1. But the strongest of all the arguments is the huge profits the car owners have been making over the years.

2. The Treasurer introduced a Bill to implement the Goverment's plan to give prefential taxation treatment to life insurance companies.

3. Sanyo Electric expects to show record profit and sales figures for the ending year next Nov. 30, company president said on Tuesday.

1. 1) produces, 2) every, 3) 5,000, 4) the factory, 5) day, 6) cars

2. 1) paper, 2) beautiful, 3) make, 4) craftsmen, 5) in, 6) object, 7) Japan, 8) of

3. 1) these, 2) mail, 3) tomorrow, 4) the secretary, 5) letters, 6) will.

1. Around us people were talking German, Italian and English.

2. He felt with satisfaction that he was being stared at.

3. A year from new I'll be earning more than a dozen men in the Railway Mail. You wait and see.

4. Two bags were at this moment being loaded aboard a flight for Milwaukee.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая различные значения слов that, those, one, ones.

1. He performed that part of the work efficiently.

2. That steel, unlike cast iron, does not expand on solidification is a well-known fact.

3. Show us the size of the wire that must be used in the distribution system.

4. The mixture is identical with that mentioned above.

5. One has to be careful while testing the new machine.

6. The simplest kind of lever is one in which the arms are of equal length.

7. It is found that for the best hearing conditions the reverberation time should be between one and two seconds.

8. To facilitate the assembly of the small units into more complex ones in the workshop. It is advisable that the units should be based on a common dimension.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая различные значения слова it.

1. It is the positive particle in the nucleus which was given the name of the "proton".

2. When a ray of any kind strikes an atom, it may knock an electron out of the atom.

3. It is important that the test be repeated.

4. It is one of the inert gases and it is monatomic.

5. When the electron is by any means torn away from the hydrogen atom, the nucleus alone remains with a single positive charge of electricity on it.

7. Прочтите и устно переведите тексты. Переведите письменно второй абзац текста Niobium.

Niobium

Here is a short story about niobium or columbium. In 1801 Charles Hatchett, an English chemist, analyzed an ore sample which had been sent to the British Museum from the United States. He named it "columbium" after Christopher Columbus. And the columbium-ore was given the name of "columbite".

But in 1844 this metal or metallic element was rediscovered by Rose. And because it looked like tantalum it was named "niobium" after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus, and the mythological goddess of tears.

But the new name (niobium) was not immediately accepted. And only after more than 100 years of controversy, it was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1950.

Today American scientists refer to the metal as "niobium". But, most American metallurgists and producers of the metal use the name "columbium". For many years niobium was not only useless, but it was, in fact, a nuisance. Chemists looked upon it as an impurity in the ores of important metals.

In recent years metallurgists discovered that niobium was an excellent alloy for strengthening many kinds of steel, and that in resistance to heat and corrosion it was a miracle-metal.

Now niobium is beginning to be used in making synthetic silk, as well as in aircraft industry.

But since it is still a rare metal its uses are limited.

Is it found in many parts of the world? Not at all. Deposits of columbite, its ore, are worked in Australia, Africa (Nigeria and Congo-Kinshasa), in the Kola Peninsula (Russia), Canada, Brazil and Norway.

It's Interesting To Know

Ever since oil was discovered in the Sahara and other desert areas, the engineers have been troubled by one thing - sand! It blows into the pipes which bring the oil from the desert to the ports for shipment, and causes the pipes to become clogged!

So you'd imagine that the last thing an oil engineer wants is sand! But, believe it or not, people are actually digging the stuff up on the beaches of Norway and exporting it to - of all places - the Sahara desert! The reason? Because Norwegian sand is very fine and has been found to be the best possible material for cleaning out oil pipes which have been clogged by the much coarser sand of the Sahara! So sand has to be sent thousands of miles to cure the trouble which has been caused by - sand!

It's a strange world, isn't it?

8. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. When was niobium discovered? 2. Where is it used? 3. Where can deposits of columbite be found? 4. What trouble has sand been causing since oil was discovered in the Sahara desert? 5. Why do people export Norwegian sand to the Sahara desert?

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, определив по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1) показателем третьего лица единственного числа в Present Simple (Present Indefinite);

2) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. Scientists' international ties help develop both science and friendship among people.

2. The development of machine building determines progress in other branches of the national economy.

3. High temperature influences the rate of this reaction.

1. Oxford, famous for its oldest university in Britain, is now one of the most important centers of the motor-car industry.

2. The scientists developed new synthetic rubber products.

3. Our university library supplies the students with books and necessary information about them.

3. Составьте предложения из следующих слов, руководствуясь правилом о порядке слов ванглийском повествовательном предложении.

1. 1) chemistry, 2) she, 3) on, 4) every, 5) lectures, 6) day, 7) attends.

2. 1) they, 2) not, 3) laboratory, 4) in, 5) work, 6) the, 7) did, 8) yesterday.

3. 1) year, 2) will, 3) he, 4) from, 5) next, 6) graduate, 7) Institute, 8) the.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную ферму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many scientists.

2. Professor N. was being listened to with great attention.

3. Now everything is being done to make the experiment in time.

4. Today scientists are still looking for the substance as a source of energy.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая различные значения слов that, those, one, ones.

1. One may expect that this substance dissolves easily in water.

2. Only one out of 100 million atoms of radium decomposes per second.

3. In the laboratory students learn to build modern plants and reconstruct old ones.

4. The solid that was used is highly soluble in water.

5. The density of ice is lower than that of liquid.

6. These words have much broader meanings than those indicated in the dictionary.

7. That the atmosphere is a mixture and not a chemical compound is proved in this chapter.

8. It is known that mass is a quantity of matter that makes a body.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая различные значения слова it.

1. It is very difficult for some people to master a foreign language.

2. This discovery was not a new one, but still it was very interesting.

3. It was very important to solve the problem in time.

4. It was the Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens, who offered an explanation for this phenomenon.

5. Try to answer all the questions, it is very important.

7. Прочтите и устно переведите тексты. Переведите письменно два последних абзаца текста It's Interesting To Know.

New Detergent Is Made From Sugar

A new detergent made from sugar is now testing the industrial market in the south of England. Tate and Lyle, scientists who devised the new product, believe that it may be the forerunner of a whole new chemical industry based on sugar rather than oil or coal.

The production of the detergent, which has been patented in 30 countries, is very simple. Sugar is reacted directly with tallow - a product made from animal fats - at the right temperature and with a catalyst, to produce a brown solid. There are no by-products of the reaction, so no need for expensive separation.

Because sugar is a minor component in the reaction and tallow is a low-cost product, Tate and Lyle believe that the new detergent can compete on price with conventional ones.

Tate and Lyle have also produced from sugar a range of chemicals which are being tested for pharmaceutical activity, and a sugar-based polyurethane foam similar in properties to conventional foam but fire-resistant. They believe that the scope for a sugar-based chemical industry is enormous and will have the advantage of being based on a renewable resources rather than on declining stocks of oil.

It's Interesting To Know

When were pennies first used in Britain? It was about AD 765 that Offa, King of Mercia, introduced the penny into England.

Pennies were the only coins in use in Britain for the next 500 years. There were a few halfpennies too, obtained by cutting the penny in half.

They really were half pennies!

Pennies then were made of silver and after a while looked very worn and battered as people used to chip little bits off the edges, melt them down and make a small lump of silver which they could sell.

You may have heard of pieces-of-eight - the pirates' gold -but there are many coins, like the groat or the noble, which might sound strange to us now. It seems surprising to think that there was once a quarter-farthing.

The gold noble struck in the royal (or noble) metal, depicted Edward III standing in a ship. It is thought that this design commemorated the naval battle of Sluys.

Since ancient Greek and Roman times coins were struck to
commemorate important people, events or even buildings, like the
Roman Colosseum.

Some modern examples are the crown-piece struck in 1951 to mark the Festival of Britain, and another in 1953 when Queen Elizabeth was crowned, showing the Queen on horseback.

The particular design, the kind of metal, give valuable information about why they were struck, the countries they came from, the kind of people who used the coins.

8. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. Who devised a new detergent made from sugar? 2. Is the production of the detergent simple or complex? 3. What is tallow? 4. What do Tate and Lyle think of the future of a sugar-based chemical industry? 5. What were pennies made of?

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА N 3

1. Времена группы Perfect (действительный залог).

2. Времена группы Perfect (страдательный залог).

3. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

4. Бессоюзное подчинение придаточных предложений.

5. Повелительное наклонение.

6. Условные предложения.

7. Многозначность as, since, for, too.

ВАРИАНТ 1

1. We knew that as a girl she had lived in the country.

2. I'm afraid he will have posted the letter by the time we come. We can't prevent it.

3. I have been uneasy all the afternoon about what they must think of us.

4. She saw at once that nothing had been touched.

5. What has been done this summer cannot have been done in vain.

6. The business has been taken over by a new company.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. It was a pity that she was ill and could not go.

2. I think, when I'm twenty-five, then I may get control of money.

3. He looked sixty, but I knew he must be much less than that.

4. You saw me, and I had to tell you what had happened.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение придаточных предложений.

1. Will you show me the new books you've bought?

2. The flat they lived in was not very imposing, but it was quiet and well located. I think he has made a mistake in his calculations.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод повелительного наклонения.

1. Show me your passport, please.

2. Don't make so much noise.

3. Let's tell somebody what happened.

5. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. Perhaps, it would have been better for me if my father's will had prevailed and I were now but an honest carpenter.

2. He was a stranger to George and he was aware that if he met him in the street he would not recognize him.

3. The trip to town will take half an hour if there is no traffic delay.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая различные значения слов as, since, for, too.

1. She was trying to open her bag as she walked by Annabel's side along the corridor, talking.

2. And since you've been here, everything has certainly been worse than it's ever been.

3. I haven't closed my eyes for forty-eight hours.

4. He has come too late.

7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Переведите письменно пятый абзац текста.

Where Will We Put the Heat?

Every time you turn on a light or the toaster or television, you also turn on hot water. The electricity you use comes from an electric power plant. In making electricity there is usually a lot of waste heat. The easiest way to get rid of the waste heat is in water, so most power plants are built near lakes or rivers. They take in cold water to cool the machinery and put back water that is 10 to 20 degrees warmer. So you turn on the hot water from your power plant every time you use electricity.

Sometimes heat is needed and valuable. It warms our homes in winter, for example. But so far no one has learned to use the heat from power plants. Usually it is not hot enough to heat homes, schools, and other buildings. But it is a lot of waste in one place, and that is what the word pollution means. So people are becoming worried about waste heat or thermal pollution.

Here are some things that may happen when you turn on the hot water in a lake or river. An increase in temperature causes a fish's life to speed up - it is more active, it needs more food, it grows faster. If water is warmed 10 degrees, a fish needs twice as much oxygen as before. But as water heats up, it holds less oxygen. So a fish may die from lack of oxygen, a gas needed by nearly all living things. Thermal pollution is especially bad for trout and salmon, which need cold water that is rich in oxygen.

Thermal pollution may cause fish to lay their eggs before they should, or keep fish eggs from hatching. It аlso helps the growth of bacteria and other organisms that cause fish diseases. Thermal pollution speeds the growth of algae and water weeds, too.

A few years ago there was so little thermal pollution that no one worried about it. But people are using more and more electricity, and many power plants are being built. Many of the new ones use nuclear power. They produce even more waste heat than power plants that burn coal or oil.

A big nuclear plant needs 850,000 gallons of water a minute for cooling. This water then pours back into a river or lake, about 15 degrees warmer than before. That is a lot of hot water to put in one spot. But the troubles caused by thermal pollution may have only begun. About fifty nuclear plants are now working. Many more are being built or planned, and they may be operating by the end of the century. If we were to cool them the way we do now, it would take a third of all the water flowing in the United States just for cooling power plants.

One thing is certain: great amounts of heat will be produced by power plants in the future. The heat does not have to kill life in rivers and lakes. To prevent this, we can do several things. We can find ways to use less electricity. We can design and build power plants that are less wasteful than the ones used now. We can find new uses for waste heat. And we can build cooling towers that release the heat into the air. If we don't do all of these things, we will really be in hot water.

8. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.

1. Why are most power plants built near lakes or rivers? 2. Is heat from power plants hot enough to heat homes? 3. What water do trout and salmon need? 4. Does thermal pollution help the growth of bacteria and algae? 5. What must we do to prevent thermal pollution?

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. They had washed him and he had not come out of his coma.

2. Why has he come here?

3. By this time tomorrow he will have completed his work.

4. The article has been often referred to.

5. The proposal has not been approved of.

6. He was an outstanding person and had been always spoken about with admiration.

1. They will have to stay for the time being.

2. "I can do it," he said softly.

3. One day the people of the world may develop a real world government.

4. We must walk fast to get to the station.

1. They called us up the day they arrived.

2. I placed an order for the monograph the professor was referring to in his yesterday's lecture.

3. He probably didn't know the book had been published.

1. Don't let him do it!

2. Open the window, please.

3. Let them go there!

1. Не won't finish his work in time, unless he works hard.

2. If he were here, he would help us.

3. They would not have caught cold if they had put on warm coats.

6.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая различные значения слов as, since, for, too.

1. As I was coming here, I met your brother.

2. Since the documents haven't arrived, we cannot load the goods.

3. Themanager will be there too.

4. He walked quickly for he was in a great hurry.

7. Прочтите и устно переведите тексты. Переведите письменно текст Noise Pollution.

The Attack on Britain's Environment

Most of the Western nations have the same basic environmental problems, but they take different forms in each country. Here you can read about some of the dangers facing Britain's environment.

Air Pollution

One of Britain's environmental successes has been the control of air pollution, especially in London. Thirty years ago hundreds of people died every year from the dreadful London smogs. Since then London and some other cities have become "smokeless zones", areas where no coal fires are allowed. But now the increase in traffic is threatening serious air pollution in our cities again.

Noise Pollution

Traffic and aircraft can cause serious noise pollution. Aircraft are very noisy when they take off and the noise spreads over a wide area. Heathrow airport, near London, is one of the busiest airports in the world. Planes are only allowed to take off and land at Heathrow between six in the morning and eleven at night, but during the day fifty planes take off and land there every hour.

Water Pollution

There has been bad pollution of Britain's rivers, and the government has tried to stop it. There are now strict laws against water pollution, though it still quite often happens accidentally. Britain and France share the problem of oil pollution from the Channel. This has caused great damage to beaches and wildlife.

Cars and Roads

The need for new roads causes great environmental difficulties. They often spoil the countryside and bring noise and air pollution to thousands of homes. Since 1958 the population of Britain has increased by 11 per cent, but the number of cars has increased by 400 per cent.

Cars cause other problems too: thousands of people die in car accidents; car parks use valuable space in towns and cities; cars use a lot of our limited amount of oil.

Friends of the Earth suggest that the bicycle is the best way to travel because it's cheap, quiet and riding it keeps you healthy. However, there are far fewer cyclists in Britain than in some other European countries, so our roads aren't built for cycling. It can be dangerous to cycle in large cities as British motorists don't seem to notice cyclists. Some people think that only buses and bicycles should be allowed in our city centres.

Do You Know …

... that there are some parts of the Sahara Desert on which rain never falls. Though clouds pass over these parts, and raindrops really fall, the water itself never reaches the ground. The heat of the desert air turns the raindrops, as they fall, back into vapour.

8. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What dangers face Britain's environment? 2. Does London control air pollution? 3. Why did hundreds of people die 30 years ago? 4. What can cause serious noise pollution? 5. Do Britain and France share oil pollution?

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. Has the secretary come?

2. They hadn't yet loaded the goods when they received our telegram.

3. We have built hundreds of new houses in Ufa.

4. The ship has been unloaded.

5. The house will have been built by January.

6. The goods have just been examined by the customs