Read the text. Translate it. Your experiences as you grow up contribute to your personality, or character, as an adult
Character
Your experiences as you grow up contribute to your personality, or character, as an adult. Freud felt that traumatic experiences had an especially strong effect. Of course, each specific trauma would have its own unique impact on a person, which can only be explored and understood on an individual basis. But traumas associated with stage development, since we all have to go through them, should have more consistency.
If you have difficulties in any of the tasks associated with the stages - weaning, potty training, or finding your sexual identity - you will tend to retain certain infantile or childish habits. This is called fixation. Fixation gives each problem at each stage a long-term effect in terms of our personality or character.
If you, in the first eight months of your life, are often frustrated in your need to suckle, perhaps because mother is uncomfortable or even rough with you, or tries to wean you too early, then you may develop an oral-passive character. An oral-passive personality tends to be rather dependent on others. They often retain an interest in "oral gratifications" such as eating, drinking, and smoking. It is as if they were seeking the pleasures they missed in infancy.
When we are between five and eight months old, we begin teething. One satisfying thing to do when you are teething is to bite on something, like mommy's nipple. If this causes a great deal of upset and precipitates an early weaning, you may develop an oral-aggressive personality. These people retain a life-long desire to bite on things, such as pencils, gum, and other people. They have a tendency to be verbally aggressive, argumentative, sarcastic, and so on.
Some parents put themselves at the child's mercy in the process of toilet training. They beg, they cajole, they show great joy when you do it right, they act as though their hearts were broken when you don't. The child is the king of the house, and knows it. This child will grow up to be an anal expulsive (a.k.a. anal aggressive) personality. These people tend to be sloppy, disorganized, generous to a fault. They may be cruel, destructive, and given to vandalism and graffiti. The Oscar Madison character in The Odd Couple is a nice example.
Other parents are strict. They may be competing with their neighbors and relatives as to who can potty train their child first (early potty training being associated in many people's minds with great intelligence). They may use punishment or humiliation. This child will likely become constipated as he or she tries desperately to hold it in at all times, and will grow up to be an anal retentive personality. He or she will tend to be especially clean, perfectionistic, dictatorial, very stubborn, and stingy. In other words, the anal retentive is tight in all ways. The Felix Unger character in The Odd Couple is a perfect example.
Variant 4
1. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в правильную форму, используя время Past Simple.
1) Yesterday's morning he _____ (to wake up) at nine o'clock, _____ (to wash) and ______ (to clean) his teeth and after breakfast he ______ (to drive) to work.
2) ______ you ______ (to hear) the bell? - No, I didn't
3) He ______ (to be) interested in rock music when I _____ (to be) younger.
4) Christopher Columbus _______ (to discover) America in 1492.
5) I ______ (not to play) tennis when I ______ (to be) at your age.
6) Betty _______ (not to see) her sister since last year.
7) I _______ (cannot) sleep last night.
8) I ___ (to want) to repair by bicycle last week but I ___ (cannot).
2. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в правильную форму, используя время Present Perfect.
1) Look! Your dog ________ (to eat) your ice-cream!
2) I'm sure, we ________ (to meet) before.
3) I have a problem. I _______ (to loose) my phone.
4) You are a little late. The lesson _____ already _____ (to begin).
5) ______ you already ______ (to speak) to your father?
6) It _______ (not to stop) raining yet?
7) John _______ finally ______ (to find) a job.
8) Can you give me a pen? I ______ (to leave) mine at home.
3. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму, используя времена Present Simple или Future Simple.
1) _____ you _____ (to come) to me?
2) The weather _______ (to be) unpredictable these days.
3) Look at the clouds! I _____ (to think) it _____ (to be) cold and windy tomorrow.
4) She ______ (to give) me all questions for my future exam soon.
5) She _______ (to call) her sons regularly.
4. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в правильную форму, используя времена Present Perfect и Past Simple. Сравните их употребление.
1) The rain ____ (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again.
2) Mary _________ (to buy) a new flat a month ago.
3) I __________ (to see) Pete today.
4) I __________ (to see) Pete in the morning.
5) Yesterday they _______ (to decide) to help their grandmother about the house.
6) I ______ (not to see) you for a long time! How are you?
7) Last night I ___ (to feel) very tired and ___ (to go) to bed early.
8) Oh! I ____ (to bum) myself! – How _____ you _____ (to do) it?
9) I _______ never _______ (to visit) this place before.
10) Where _______ you _______ (to spend) your holiday?
5. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму, используя времена Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Future Simple, Past Simple. Переведите предложения.
1) _____ we ___ (to go) for a walk? - Not now, I _____ (to do) my home work.
2) Victoria _____ (to be) always very busy. And she _____ (to be) busy now. Look! She ______ (to look) through the papers.
3) When ______ she ______ (to come)? She ______ (to come) 30 minutes ago.
4) Finally they ________ (to finish) their work
5) An atheist _________ (not to believe) in God.
6) Sorry, I ______ (not to understand) what ______ (to talk) about.
7) Look! Sam ______ (to bring) some biscuits.
8) I ______ (to know) them all my life.
9) Don't worry! I ______ (to call) you later.
10) She is very absent-minded. She ______ always ______ (to loose) her keys.
11) Who _______ (to make) such terrible noise.
12) Usually I _____ (to prefer) tea for breakfast, but now I _____ (to drink) tea.
13) Sch! ______ you ______ (to hear) anything.
14) They ______ (to be) in Italy last month.
15) Don't disturb her. She ______ (to have) an English lesson, she always ______ (to have) English lessons on Thursdays.
6. Дополните предложения, используя подходящие модальные глаголы, данные в скобках. Переведите предложения.
1) You ______ (не можешь) there alone, it's very dangerous.
2) ______ (можешь) you keep secretes.
3) All people _______ (нужны) money.
4) You ______ (должен) to visit him in hospital.
5) The Government __ (должно, обязано) take care of the citizens.
6) I ______ (бы) drink a glass of cold cola.
7) You ______ (следует) to go to the dentist. I know what a toothache is!
8) How _______ (смеешь) you do this?
9) ________ (могу) I call you?
10) My sister ________ (может) play violin.
7. Переведите предложения с русского на английский, используя подходящий модальный глагол.
1) Вам следует сделать эту работу немедленно.
2) Он умеет готовить очень хорошо.
3) Может он сделать это сам?
4) Вы не могли бы помочь мне?
5) Ты должен рассказать правду.
6) Мне нужен ваш совет.
7) Он - твой друг. Ты должен помочь ему.
8. Выберите подходящие синонимы к выделенным словам.
1) She earns high wages as an accountant
a) salary
b) fee
c) tax
2) I don't know what to do. I really need your advice.
a) warning
b) recommendation
c) decision
3) 1 really adore reading books about love
a) enjoy
b) taste
c) understand
4) Can I book a table for two? - Yes, please, what time?
a) suggest
b) serve
c) reserve
5) Mercedes cars are famous all over the world
a) original
b) well-known
c) exciting
9. Выберите наиболее подходящий ответ для предложенной ситуации.
1) - Oh! I'm sorry, I lost you book
-_________________
a) Never forget about it
b) Take it easy
c) Help yourself
2) - Can I bring you anything?
-_________________
a) Yes, please. A cup of coffee
b) Is service included?
c) Just a present
3) - Do you like folk music?
-_________________
a) Well, yes, but I like jazz better
b) What is it?
c) It's not Ok.
4) - Would you like anything to drink?
-_________________
a) It really doesn't matter
b) I'm really sorry
c) I don't want to hear about it anymore.
5) - Why didn't you say "hello" to me yesterday?
-___________________
a) Sorry. My sight is bad. I didn't notice you.
b) There nothing to feel sorry about.
c) Yu should be more careful
6) - Could you possibly give me a lift to the station?
-___________________
a) Ok. I'd like to ask you some questions.
b) No, we can't do it together.
c) Sorry, there is something wrong with my car
7) - I'd like a room for a night, please.
-___________________
a) Have a good time
b) Single or double?
c) We are not free now
8) - Can I talk to Pam?
-_________________
a) Call back later, she is having a shower
b) Who are you?
c) I don't remember you
10. Пользуясь правилами словообразования, образуйте следующие части речи.
a) образуйте существительные при помощи суффиксов и переведите их.
- or: to decorate to sail to promote to act to collect
- ition: to consume to define to instruct to connect
to calculate to organize
- ism: capital hero race productive tour
- ness: cold dark mild weak happy harsh
b) образуйте прилагательные при помощи данных суффиксов и переведите их
- al: centre education practice profession nature culture
- less: help heart use mind home job
- ous: fame danger glory vary fiction
c) при помощи префиксов un-, ill-, im-, mis-, re- образуйте и переведите выделенные слова
legal (легальный) -____________ (нелегальный)
real (настоящий) -_____________ (ненастоящий)
acceptable (приемлемый) -_________ (неприемлемый)
to make (делать) -___________ (переделать)
behavior (поведение) -________ (плохое поведение)
patient (терпеливый) - ___________ (нетерпеливый)
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