INTERNATIONAL AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS
EUROCONTROL is the European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation. This civil and military Organization which currently numbers 34 Member States, has as its primary objective the development of a seamless, pan-European Air Traffic Management (ATM) system. The achievement of this objective is a key element to the present and future challenges facing the aviation community, which are to cope with the forecast growth in the air traffic, while maintaining a high level of safety, reducing costs, and respecting the environment.
EUROCONTROL develops, coordinates and plans for implication of short-, medium-, and long-term pan-European air traffic management strategies and their associated action in a collective effort involving national authorities, air navigation service providers, civil and military airspace users, airports industry, professional organizations and relevant European institutions.
EUROCONTROL’s core activities span entire range of gate-to-gate air navigation service operations – from strategic and tactical flow management to controller training; from regional control of airspace to development of leading-edge, safety-proofed technologies and procedures, and the collection of air navigation changes.
The constitution of ICAO is the Convention on International Civil Aviation, drawn up by a conference in Chicago in November and December 1944, and to which each ICAO Contracting State is a party. According to the terms of the Constitution the Organization is made up of an Assembly, a Council of limited membership with various subordinate bodies and a Secretariat. The chief officers are the President of the Council and the Secretary General. The Assembly, composed of representatives from all Contracting States, is the sovereign body of ICAO. It meets every three years, reviewing in detail the work of the Organization and setting policy for the coming years, it also sets a triennial budget.
The Council, the governing body, which is elected by the assembly for a three-year term, is composed of 36 States. The Assembly chooses the Council Member States under three headings: States of chief importance in air transport, States which make the largest contribution to the provision of facilities for air navigation, and States whose designation will ensure that all major areas of the world are represented. As the governing body, the Council gives continuing direction of the work of ICAO. It is in the Council that Standards and Recommended Practices are adopted by and incorporated in Annexes to the Convention of International Civil Aviation. The Council is assisted by the Air Navigation Commission (technical matters), the Air Transport Committee (economic matters), the Committee of Joint Support of Air Navigation Services and the Finance Committee. The Secretariat, headed by a Secretary General, is divided into five main divisions: the Air Navigation Bureau, the Air Transport Bureau, the Technical Cooperation Bureau, the Legal Bureau and the Bureau of Administration and Services. In order that the work of the Secretary shall reflect a truly international approach, professional personnel are recruited on a broad geographical basis.
ICAO works in close co-operation with other members of the United Nations family such as the World Meteorological Organization, the International Telecommunication Union, the Universal Postal Union, the World Health Organization and the International Maritime Organization. Non-governmental Organizations which also participate in ICAO's work include the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the Airports Council International, the International Federation of Airline Pilots Associations, and the International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations. To ensure safety, regularity and efficiency of international civil aviation operations, international standardization is essential in all matters affecting them, that is, all matters in the operation of aircraft, aircraft airworthiness, and the numerous facilities and services required in the support such as aerodromes, telecommunications, navigation aids, meteorology, air traffic services, search and rescue, aeronautical information services and aeronautical charts. A common understanding between the countries of the world on these matters is absolutely necessary. To achieve the highest degree of uniformity world-wide whenever this will facilitate and improve safety, regularity and efficiency, the ICAO Council adopts
International Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARPs)
and approves
Procedures for Air Navigation Services
(PANS)
IATA was founded in 1945 in Havana by the airlines of many countries to meet the problemscreated by rapid expansion of civil air services at the close of the Second World War.
It affiliates more than 120 airlines. It's a non-governmental organization. IATA deals with the non-political aspects of air transport operation, its work begins only after governments have decided which companies they wish to license and how they wish to exchange traffic and other rights between them, out from that point on, the activity of IATA spreads through virtually every phrase of air transport operations.
The Association has 2 main offices, one in Montreal, the other in Geneva. The highest body ofthe Association is General Annual meeting. The year-round work is carried out by the Executive Committee which consists of 21 people and which is elected by the General Annual Meeting. The Executive Committee carries out its work through 5 committees: Financial, Legal, Technical, Traffic and Medical.
The IATA Financial Committee deals with all aspects ofthe accounting andsettlement between airlines for the business they do with each other, it is concerned with problems regarding currency and exchange, taxation, charges, insurances and statistics.
The IATA Legal Committee holds a watching brief on behalf of airlines over international conventions on public and private air law, conflicts of law andarbitration.
The IATA Technical Committee deals with planning and implementation of airnavigation facilities and services, with new and developing problems in all technical fields of air transport operation.
Most complex role is in the field of Traffic - a term which embraces the commercial activities of the airlines. IATA is particularly concerned with interline agreements and other factors which make possible the easy and quick exchange of traffic between airlines.
The IATA Medical Committee deals with all physiological and psychologicalfactors which might affect the safety, comfort and efficiency of air crews and passengers. It is also a channel of airline cooperation with the World Health organization.
Since they arise from the basic necessities of international air transport, IATA's aims and itsachievements are essentially practical. This world airline cooperation through IATA has manypurposes. The primary one is to promote safe, regular and economical air transport for the peoples in the world.
1. What is EUROCONTROL?
2. How many Member States are there in EUROCONTROL?
3. What is its primary objective?
4. What does EUROCONTROL do for implementation of pan-European air traffic management strategies?
5. What are EUROCONTROL’s core activities?
6. When was EUROCONTROL created?
7. What was the purpose of creating a single sky?
8. What about the growth of traffic?
9. What is the Single European Sky initiative?
10. Why did Europe eliminate frontiers on the ground with the 1985 single European market?
11. Does Europe’s air traffic management system remain safe?
12. What approach does the Single European Sky initiative put forward?
13. What is Unified Air Traffic Management?
14. What are the four regulations of the European Commission’s ATM legislative package?
15. What is the constitution of ICAO?
16. What does “Contracting State” mean?
17. What year was a conference in Chicago?
18. What is the Organization made up of?
19. Who are the chief officers?
20. How many representatives are there in the Assembly?
21. Is the Assembly the sovereign body of ICAO/
22. How often does the Assembly meet?
23. What can you say about the Council?
24. How many States are there in the Council?
25. What governing body are Standards and Recommended Practices adopted by?
26. Where are SARPs incorporated in?
27. How many Annexes are there to the Convention of ICAO?
28. Who is the Secretariat headed by?
29. How many divisions is the Secretariat divided into?
30. Name five divisions.
31. Why are professional personnel recruited on a board geographical basis?
32. Who does ICAO in close co-operation with?
33. Name the non-governmental organizations which also participate in ICAO’s work?
34. What is it necessary to do to ensure safety, regularity and efficiency of international civil aviation operations?
35. A common understanding between the countries of the world is absolutely necessary. Do you agree?
36. What does “SARPs’ stand for?
37. Why does the ICAO Council adopt International Standards and Recommended Practices?
38. What does “PANS” stand for?
39. Why does the ICAO Council approve Procedures for Air Navigation Service?
40. When and where was IATA founded?
41. What was the aim of creating IATA?
42. How many airlines are there in this organization?
43. What aspects does IATA deal with?
44. How many main offices are there?
45. Where are main offices situated?
46. What is the highest body of the Association?
47. How many people are there in the Executive Committee?
48. What is the Executive Committee elected by?
49. What committees does the Executive Committee carry out its work through?
50. What does IATA deal with?
51. Why is the field of Traffic the most complex one?
52. What factors does the IATA Medical Committee deal with?
53. What are IATA’s aims?
54. Why are the aims of IATA very important?
TRAVELLING BY AIR
We often get tired of the same surroundings and daily routine. Some relaxation is essential to restore our mental and physical resources. That is why the best place of relaxation is the one where you have never been before. And it is by means of travelling that you get to the place.
Travelling is one of the most fascinating pastimes. It’s always exciting. Seeing exotic places, faraway countries, meeting new people, getting acquainted with history, culture and traditions of different lands, getting a lot of impressions – what could be more interesting. That’s why travelling makes an essential part of a person’s education.
Modern life is impossible without travelling. Millions of people travel every day either on business or for pleasure. They can travel by air, by rail, by sea or by road. Every kind of transport is dangerous in its own way. Statistics shows that travelling by air is as safe as travelling by train. Ukraine does a lot of things to provide the high safety for all flights in the airspace over the country. Travelling by air is more convenient than by train because it saves your time considerably though it does not save your money.
Air transportation is the carriage of passengers, mail, load and freight by aircraft or helicopters. All air transportations are classified according to the territorial sign, to the objects of transportation and to the direction of transportation. By the territorial division they are defined as domestic and international transportations.
Domestic and international transportations are divided into scheduled and non-scheduled flights. Scheduled flights are performed due to the definite traffic schedule. Non-scheduled flights are operated according to special agreements or orders. On international routes they are known as charter flights. In summer during rush-hours there may be additional flights to the schedule.
Depending upon the object of the transportations we define passenger, mail, load and freight transportations.
As to their direction the transportations differ as non-stopover flights, that is from the point of departure to the point of destination, round trips, from the point of departure to the point of destination and back to the starting point, and onward journey with the transfer from one airplane to another.
Majority of aircraft is equipped with TCAS system and it gives pilots more assurance during flight. The introduction of the RVSM gives the ATC unit an excellent opportunity to increase flight capacity thanks to upgrade equipment on board and on the ground.
In Ukraine most flights are international. English is the international language of the air. All pilots have to speak English so that the other pilots and air traffic controllers can understand them. So, when a French plane lands in Denmark, the pilot and the air traffic controllers will talk to each other in English. English is also a very useful language for the air passengers. All check-in clerks must speak English and all announcements of planes must be given in English.
1. Why do people travel?
2. What are the main means of transport?
3. Is travelling by air dangerous?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of travelling by air?
5. Have you ever travelled by plane? What did you feel?
6. What is air transportation?
7. How are air transportations classified (according to the territorial sign, to the objects of transportation and to the direction of transportation) ?
8. What are domestic and international transportation divided into?
9. What is the majority of aircraft equipped with?
10. What does RVSM mean? How does it benefit?
11. Why is English very important in aviation?