Exercise 4. Tell what sentences are true and what are false. Text Study: Traffic Control
UNIT 6
Text Study: Traffic Control
Additional text: State Automobile Inspectorate of Ukraine
Grammar: Participle 1 and Participle 11
Absolute Participle Complex.
Text Study
Pre-reading exercises.
Exercise 1.Practice connected reading. Translate the following word-combinations.
Urban areas, peak-hour traffic, street widening, pedestrian subways, the congestion in urban areas, tendency for drivers, for the local traffic, a directional control, normal speed, all signs and symbols, different levels, expensive to construct, fast and slow traffic, the heavier and faster traffic, fly-over structures, urban traffic control.
Exercise 2. Memories the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it.
1. pedestrian –пішохідний перехід; for the convenience of pedestrians, to avoid creating a barrier to pedestrian movement, to road sing for pedestrians to cross.
2. ownership – власність; володіння; land ownership, to own many automobile plants, the owner of the car.
3. propel – приводити; привести в рух; надавати руху; to propel a vehicle, vehicle propelled by electric motors, a self-propelled vehicle.
4. arrange -- розташовувати, розміщати, розподіляти; улаштовувати; організовувати
to arrange everything for the expedition, the arrangement of engine cylinders
5. devise – придумувати, вигадувати; винаходити, вигадати; розробляти, опрацювати
to devise various ways to improve stability of soil, a new method of calculation devised by a young engineer, a device for regulating pressure
6. moisture – вологість, вогкість; волога, сирість
to retain moisture in the soil, the moisture contained in the plants, reduction of moisture
7. harden-- твердіти, тверднути; надати твердості; гартувати, загартувати
to harden the soil by adding cement, to harden the metal at high temperature
8. auxiliary – допоміжний, додатковий
to be provided with auxiliary parts, to build numerous auxiliary structures, to know the auxiliary verbs well
9. performance- - робота, дія, діяння
the engine characterized by noise and slow performance, to develop a unit with highly efficient performance, owing to bad performance of the ignition system.
10. accustomed – звичний, звичайний, звичайне явище
to be accustomed to get up early, to get accustomed to the life in the North, drivers accustomed to conventional gasoline car engines
Exercise 3. Read the following international words and give their all possible Ukrainian equivalents.
Administrative, local, regulation, international, adequate, tendency, factor, model, reservation, industry, industrial, production, plan, section, communal, territory, effective, trolley-bus, traditional, complex, public, vertical.
Reading
Traffic Control
It is obvious that in existing urban areas much of the congestion is due to narrow streets and junctions which are incapable of taking peak-hour traffic. The solutions to this problem are costly. They include adequate roundabouts and street widening, and the segregation of traffic by means of flyover roads, underpasses, bridges, and pedestrian subways.
Much of the congestion in urban areas is due to traffic which has no business in area but is only passing through.
There is tendency for drivers to keep to the well-lit shopping streets. If they can be made to use less important streets and those not occupied by shops, then conditions are improved not only for the through traffic but also for the local traffic.
Signposting is, of course, a directional control and a very effective one. In fact it is important for all signs and symbols used on the roads to be seen, well in advance, by drivers approaching at normal speed. Directional control cannot increase the capacity of the highway system but it can avoid local congestion.
One-way traffic is a special kind of directional control which is very effective in maintaining the traffic flow in congested areas.
A major cause of congestion in towns is the interruption to the free flow of traffic by cross traffic at junctions. But if the need for traffic streams to cross each other can be avoided than the movement of vehicles will be much easier. This easier movement of traffic can often be achieved by making traffic move in one direction only along certain streets and by prohibiting incoming vehicles from side streets from crossing the main stream. The streets may be either one-way ort two-way according to local conditions of traffic or width of carriageway, and traffic at the junctions can be guided by constructing suitably-shaped islands. Besides one-way traffic can also be introduced where the carriageway width is inadequate for two opposing lines of traffic.
The disadvantages of a one-way traffic system are that it increases the distance traveled by some vehicles, that it makes it more difficult for strangers to find their way about. The true aim of a one-way system is to eliminate cross traffic, and under conditions of continuous flow on crossing streets the introduction of a properly designed one-way scheme can double the carrying of the highways.
The two main objections to street intersections are that they are a cause of accidents and that they interrupt the flow of traffic. The best thing to do with intersections is to get rid of them. If that is not possible they may be im-proved and made safer but they will always remain a source of danger and delay.
Many accidents are caused because traffic stream of different types, or traffic streams traveling in different directions, are using the same carriageway, and these accidents can be avoided either by reservations between traffic lanes, or by vertical (or “grade”) separation.
In many cities in America and in Europe segregation of traffic is achieved by means of flyovers or underpasses; at some junctions there are even three different levels. Each has its advantages and disadvantages according to the circumstances. Fly-over structures are not always aesthetically pleasing while an underpass may be more expensive to construct. The separation of fast and slow traffic from the heavier and faster traffic is most desirable not only in the interests of freedom of traffic movement, but also of safety. This ideal is not easy to achieve.
Urban traffic control will be of benefit to the general public in the district concerned and will result in greater comfort for road users of all classes, as well as bringing economic advantages to the community as a whole.
Comprehension
Exercise 4. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
1. Flyover is not a bridge that takes one road over another road. 2. Under-pass is a road or pass that goes under another road or a railway.3. There is tendency for drivers to keep to the well-lit shopping streets.3. A great intensity of traffic makes it necessary to lover the average speed of vehicles. 4. The problem of avoiding traffic congestion is one of the most important. 5. Narrow streets and junctions are incapable of taking pear-hour traffic.