III State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones
1) The Mayflower embarked about thirty-five passengers in London about the middle of May, 1620 and proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel
2) Soon after the Mayflower continued on her voyage to America, Speedwell was sold, refitted, and, according to Bradford, “made many voyages…to the great profit of her owners.”
3) Master Mr. Reynolds’s “cunning and deceit” (in causing what may have been ‘man-made’ leaks in the ship) had been motivated by a fear of Indian tribes.
4) Among these stores, they would have carried some live animals, including dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry, horses and cattle.
5) The ship also carried twelve artillery pieces, as the Pilgrims feared they might need to defend themselves against the Italians, Frenchmen, or the Russians, as well as the Natives.
6) Two of the passengers were pregnant women.
7) Three of the four children died in the first winter in the New World
8) The Mayflower passengers were not the earliest permanent European settlers in New England.
9) Indians forced the Mayflower to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, well north of the intended area, where they anchored on November, 11.
10) There were thirty-four persons in an open shallop – twenty-four passengers and ten sailors.
11) The Mayflower passengers being used to the winter weather much colder than back home.
12) When it ended, there were only 27 passengers, just over half, still alive.
13) Jones had originally planned to return to England as soon as the Pilgrims found a settlement site.
IV Solve the crossword:
Across:
1. English merchant ship, on which the British, who founded one of the first British settlement in North America, in 1620, crossed the Atlantic Ocean.
2. A country in the North
3. An important part of the ship. ship dropped anchor at the tip of Cape Cod
4. On September 6, 1620, the Mayflower sailed from……
5. During the winter, the passengers remained on board the Mayflower, suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease……..+1 as a mixture of scurvy, pneumonia and tuberculosis.
6. Captain/Governor of Mayflower ship.
7. The name of pregnant woman.
Down:
1. What was the birthplace of Mayflower master Christopher Jones about 1570?
2. Jones died after coming back from a voyage to …
3. The person, who took 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots.
4. In 1618 the Virginia Company began the transportation of … .
V. Tell about your voyage aboard the Mayflower as if you are William Mullins, Richard More or Captain Jones
Native Americans
Based on anthropological and genetic evidence, scientists generally agree that most Native Americans descend from people who migrated from Siberia across the Bering Strait, at least 12,000 years ago.
One result of these successive waves of migration is that large groups of Native Americans with similar languages and perhaps physical characteristics as well, moved into various geographic areas of North, and then later, Central and South America.
While many Native American groups retained a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle through the time of European occupation of the New World, in some regions, especially in the Mississippi River valley of the United States, they built advanced civilizations with monumental architecture and large-scale organization into cities and states.
Etowah (Mississippi) idols from about 950 AD left
It was not acceptable to American immigrants in the 18th and 19th centuries that the people they regarded as "savages" had built civilizations and by policy, most archaeological remains were destroyed and records obliterated.
The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the Native Americans. In the 15th to 19th centuries, their populations were ravaged, by the results of displacement, disease, and in many cases by warfare with European groups and enslavement by them. The first Native American group encountered by Columbus, the 250,000 Arawaks, was violently enslaved. Only 500 survived by the year 1550 and the group was extinct before 1650.
In the 15th century Spaniards and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. Ironically, the horse had originally evolved in the Americas, but the last American horses, died out at the end of the last ice age. The re-introduction of the horse had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America. This new mode of travel made it possible for some tribes to greatly expand their territories, exchange goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game.
Europeans also brought diseases against which the Native Americans had no immunity. Ailments such as chicken pox and measles, though common and rarely fatal among Europeans, often proved fatal to Native Americans. More dangerous diseases such as smallpox were especially deadly to Native American populations. It is difficult to estimate the percentage of the total Native American population killed by these diseases, since waves of disease oftentimes preceded European exploration, sometimes destroying entire villages. Some historians estimate that up to 80 % of some Native populations may have died due to European diseases.
In recent years it has become popular to assert that Native Americans learned scalping from Europeans, historical evidence suggesting that scalping by Native Americans had not necessarily been practiced before contact with Europeans. The first admitted case of white men scalping by Native Americans took place in New Hampshire colony on February 20, 1725.
In the 19th century, the Westward expansion of the United States incrementally expelled large numbers of Native Americans from vast areas of their territory, either by forcing them into marginal lands farther and farther west, or by outright massacres. Under President Andrew Jackson, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forced the Five Civilized Tribes from the east onto western reservations, primarily to take their land for settlement. The forced migration was marked by great hardship and many deaths. Its route is known as the Trail of Tears.
Conflicts generally known at the time as "Indian Wars" broke out between U.S. forces and many different tribes. Authorities entered numerous treaties during this period, but later broke almost all of them. Well-known battles include the atypical Native American victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, and the massacre of Native Americans at Wounded Knee in 1890, when the US Cavalry attempted to exterminate the Sioux Nation and killed all the men, women and children they could find. On January 31, 1876 the United States government ordered all surviving Native Americans to move into reservations or reserves.
Probably the most famous leader of the Native Americans was Geronimo, born Goyathlay ("He Who Yawns"), (1829 - 1909).
He was leader of the Chiricahua Apache who fought long against the encroachment of settlers of European descent on tribal lands. He became famous
for his daring exploits and numerous
escapes from capture. His forces became
the last major force of independent Indian
warriors who refused to acknowledge the
United States Government in the American
West. This came to an end in 1886, when
Geronimo surrendered to US Army
General Miles at Skeleton Canyon,
Arizona. He was a prisoner initially, but
later a celebrity.
Geronimo in about 1870 right
In the late nineteenth century reformers in efforts to civilize Indians adapted the practice of educating native children in Indian Boarding Schools. These schools, which were primarily run by Christians proved traumatic to Indian children, who were forbidden to speak their native languages, taught Christianity instead of their native religions (both in violation of the U.S. Constitution), and in numerous other ways forced to abandon their Indian identity and adopt European-American culture. There are also many documented cases of sexual, physical and mental abuses occurring at these schools.
Military defeat, cultural pressure, confinement on reservations, forced cultural assimilation, outlawing of native languages and culture, forced sterilizations, termination policies of the 1950s, and 1960s, and slavery have had negative effects on Native Americans' mental and ultimately physical health. Contemporary health problems include poverty, alcoholism, heart disease and diabetes.
As recently as the 1960s, Native Americans were being jailed for teaching their traditional beliefs. As recently as the 1970s, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was still actively pursuing a policy of "assimilation" the goal of which was to eliminate the reservations and steer Indians into mainstream U.S. culture. Even their lands are perhaps no longer safe; as of 2004, there were still claims of theft of Native American land for the coal and uranium it contains.
According to 2003 United States Census Bureau estimates, a little over one third of the 2,786,652 Native Americans in the United States live in three states: California with 413,382, Arizona with 294,137 and Oklahoma with 279,559. As of 2000, the largest tribes surviving in the U.S. by population were Cherokee, Navajo, Choctaw, Sioux, Chippewa, Apache, Blackfoot, Iroquois and Pueblo.
I. Answer the following questions:
1. Who do most Native Americans descend from according to the scientists?
2. Where did Native Americans build advanced civilizations with monumental architecture and large-scale organization into cities and states?
3. Why were most archaeological remains destroyed and records obliterated?
4. What changed the lives and cultures of the Native Americans?
5. What was the first Native American group encountered by Columbus?
6. When did Spaniards and other Europeans bring horses to the Americas?
7. What kind of impact did the re-introduction of the horse have on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America?
8. Europeans also brought diseases against which the Native Americans had no immunity, didn’t they?
9. Where and when did the first admitted case of white men scalping by Native Americans take place?
10. When did the Congress under President Andrew Jackson pass the Indian Removal Act?
11. What route is known as the Trail of Tears?
12. What did the term "Indian Wars" mean?
13. What were the results of the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876?
14. What did the United States government order all surviving Native Americans to do on January 31, 1876?
15. Who was probably the most famous leader of the Native Americans?
16. What was the attitude towards Native Americans in the US?
17. What are the largest tribes surviving in the U.S. by population?
II. Complete the following sentences:
1. The first Native American group encountered by Columbus………………...
2. Ironically, the horse had originally evolved in the Americas, but the last American horses………
3. Ailments such as chicken pox and measles, though common and rarely fatal among Europeans……….
4. Some historians estimate that up to 80 % of some Native populations may have died due to………
5. In recent years it has become popular to assert that Native Americans…….
6. Under President Andrew Jackson, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830………..
7. On January 31, 1876 the United States government ordered……………..
8. In the late nineteenth century reformers in efforts to civilize Indians adapted …..
9. As recently as the 1970s, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was still actively pursuing a policy of "assimilation" the goal of which was to………
10. As of 2000, the largest tribes surviving in the U.S. by population were………...
III. Choose the correct variant:
1. In the valley of what river Native American groups built advanced civilizations with monumental architecture and large-scale organization into cities and states?
a) Mississippi River
b) Nile River
c) Isabela River
2. What colonization forever changed the lives and cultures of the Native Americans?
a) Australian colonization
b) European colonization
c) English colonization
3. What animals were brought to the Americas in the 15th century?
a) Monkeys
b) Horses
c) Beatles
4. How many percent of native populations may have died due to European diseases?
a) about 30%
b) about 70%
c) about 80%
5. Under what president, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forced the Five Civilized Tribes from the east onto western reservations, primarily to take their land for settlement?
a) Andrew Jackson
b) Bill Clinton
c) Franklin D. Roosevelt
6. Why did Trail of Tears have such name?
a) The forced migration was marked by great hardship and many deaths.
b) The road was wet from the rain
c) There was a lot of dewоn the trail in the morning
7. Who was the most famous leader of the Native Americans?
a) Newton
b) Nelson
c) Geronimo
8. What contemporary health problem did Native Americans have besides poverty, heart disease and diabetes?
a) cancer
b)alcoholism
c) mental illness
9. What religion did school for Native Americans teach in 1960s?
a) Buddhism
b) Islam
c) Christianity