Task 4. Choose the correct variant
1.The problem of … is the problem of existence for any country.
a) independence
b) independent
c) dependence
d) dependent
2.The conference was dedicated to the … of labor.
a) decision
b) division
c) separate
d) separation
3. Mankind … already … a lot of natural resources.
a) had lost
b) have lost
c) has lost
d) was lost
4.This … supermarket always makes nice presents for the consumers.
a) larger
b) the largest
c) large
d) more large
5. I … a part-time job not to depend on my parents.
a) has found
b) is finding
c) am finding
d) have found
6.As he … the keys, we decided to call the police.
a) lost
b) loses
c) had lost
d) lose
7.When we arrived here the plant … yet.
a) wasn’t built
b) hadn’t built
c) hadn’t been built
d) hasn’t been built
8.She would accept the offer, if it … her.
a) suits
b) suited
c) has suited
d) had suited
9.He will help you, if you … him.
a) will ask
b) would ask
c) asked
d) ask
10. He and I spent a happy weekend … London.
a) visit
b) visited
c) visiting
d) to visit
LESSON 9
Task 1. Complete the text with the words in the box.
| 1. environment | 5. negotiation | 9. choices | 13. The creative approach | 17.Management |
| 2. analysis | 6. Objectives | 10. approach | 14. product market | 18. differentiate |
| 3. As a consequence | 7. mixture | 11. to introduce | 15.inappropriate | 19. corporate strategy |
| 4. imagination | 8. bargaining | 12. parties | 16. observe | 20. commerce |
Management strategy: choices of a strategy
The term ‘management strategy’ is similar to such terms as 'business policy' or
'( 19 )'.
Management always needs ( 9 ) of strategy.
But the environment may be changing so rapidly that a detailed rational ( 3 ) is both difficult and ( 15 ).
Many data soon become meaningless. That is why certain companies, like Shell, adopt a new approach to management strategy formulation, which is known as "scenario planning". It is the flexible ( 10 ).
This approach recognizes that uncertainty can never be eliminated, but it can be reduced by plotting different scenarios each responding to alternative versions of the future. ( 17 ) is therefore prepared for a number of possible changes that may occur.
( 13 ) stresses the importance of ( 4 ) in the strategic process. The more complex and changing the business ( 1 ) and the more difficult the problems facing managers, then the more creative they need be.
Such situations are now commonplace in many organizations, calling for a greater creativity in strategy formulation. The life shows that strategy formulation is far from being a rational, logical process.
Instead, strategic choice is the product of coalition and involves some ( 5 )between senior management and other groups. It is necessary to think about shareholders' meetings and about ( 8 ) with trade unions.
However, the most significant negotiations generally take place between competing fractions within management itself and are much more difficult to ( 16 ).
( 6 ) are constantly modified in the light of experience and through the process of negotiation between interested ( 12 ). ( 3 ), strategies are constantly being changed.
So management strategy is a ( 7 ) of various approaches All organizations have strategies, formalized to a greater or lesser extent. We can see strategies at work in such different organizations as businesses, the police, charities, professional football clubs and the church.
In recent years there has been a focus on management strategies in the public sector.
The health service has actively invited its managers from industry and ( 20 ) in an attempt ( 11 ) a more businesslike approach, including a greater emphasis on strategy formulation.
We must ( 18 ) between those strategies pertaining to entire industries, such as shipping or machine tools, strategies employed by firms operating in a number of different business markets, such as General Motors, and strategies pertaining to those operating in a single or restricted ( 14 ).