НОРМАЛЬНЫЙ УРОВЕНЬ ГЕМОГЛОБИНА
· Newborns: 17-22 gm/dl
· One (1) week of age: 15-20 gm/dl
· One (1) month of age: 11-15gm/dl
· Children: 11-13 gm/dl
· Adult males: 14-18 gm/dl
· Adult women: 12-16 gm/dl
· Men after middle age: 12.4-14.9 gm/dl
· Women after middle age: 11.7-13.8 gm/dl
| BMP/ELECTROLYTES: | |||
| Na+=140 | Cl−=100 | BUN=20 | / |
| Glu=150 | |||
| K+=4 | CO2=22 | PCr=1.0 | \ |
| ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS: | |||
| HCO3-=24 | paCO2=40 | paO2=95 | pH=7.40 |
| ALVEOLAR GAS: | |||
| pACO2=36 | pAO2=105 | A-a g=10 | |
| OTHER: | |||
| Ca=9.5 | Mg2+=2.0 | PO4=1 | |
| CK=55 | BE=−0.36 | AG=16 | |
| SERUM OSMOLARITY/RENAL: | |||
| PMO = 300 | PCO=295 | POG=5 | BUN:Cr=20 |
| URINALYSIS: | |||
| UNa+=80 | UCl−=100 | UAG=5 | FENa=0.95 |
| UK+=25 | USG=1.01 | UCr=60 | UO=800 |
| PROTEIN/GI/LIVER FUNCTION TESTS: | |||
| LDH=100 | TP=7.6 | AST=25 | TBIL=0.7 |
| ALP=71 | Alb=4.0 | ALT=40 | BC=0.5 |
| AST/ALT=0.6 | BU=0.2 | ||
| AF alb=3.0 | SAAG=1.0 | SOG=60 | |
| CSF: | |||
| CSF alb=30 | CSF glu=60 | CSF/S alb=7.5 | CSF/S glu=0.4 |
АНАЛИЗ КРОВИ:
| Test | Reference Range (conventional units*) | |
| 17 Hydroxyprogesterone (Men) | 0.06-3.0 mg/L | |
| 17 Hydroxyprogesterone (Women) Follicular phase | 0.2-1.0 mg/L | |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) | 8-80 ng/mL | |
| Acetoacetate | <3 mg/dL | |
| Acidity (pH) | 7.35 - 7.45 | |
| Alcohol | 0 mg/dL (more than 0.1 mg/dL normally indicates intoxication) (ethanol) | |
| Ammonia | 15 - 50 µg of nitrogen/dL | |
| Amylase | 53 - 123 units/L | |
| Ascorbic Acid | 0.4 - 1.5 mg/dL | |
| Bicarbonate | 18 - 23 mEq/L (carbon dioxide content) | |
| Bilirubin | Direct: up to 0.4 mg/dL Total: up to 1.0 mg/dL | |
| Blood urea nitrogen | 7–21 mg/dL | |
| Blood Volume | 8.5 - 9.1% of total body weight | |
| Calcium | 8.2 - 10.6 mg/dL (normally slightly higher in children) | |
| Carbon Dioxide Pressure | 35 - 45 mm Hg | |
| Carbon Monoxide | Less than 5% of total hemoglobin | |
| CD4 Cell Count | 500 - 1500 cells/µL | |
| Ceruloplasmin | 15 - 60 mg/dL | |
| Chloride | 98 - 106 mEq/L | |
| Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC) | Tests include: hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count, white Blood cell count Please click each to view an individual test value. | |
| Copper | Total: 70 - 150 µg/dL | |
| Creatine Kinase (CK or CPK) | Male: 38 - 174 units/L Female: 96 - 140 units/L | |
| Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes | 5% MB or less | |
| Creatinine | 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL | |
| Electrolytes | Test includes: calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium Please click each to view an individual test value. | |
| Серологическое железо | норма - 50 - 150 H-g/dL | |
| Железосвязывающая способность | норма 250 - 370 ig/dL | |
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR or Sed-Rate) | Male: 1 - 13 mm/hr Female: 1 - 20 mm/hr | |
| Glucose | Tested after fasting: 70 - 110 mg/dL | |
| Hematocrit | Male: 45 - 62% Female: 37 - 48% | |
| Hemoglobin | Male: 13 - 18 gm/dL Female: 12 - 16 gm/dL | |
| Iron | 60 - 160 µg/dL (normally higher in males) | |
| Iron-binding Capacity | 250 - 460 µg/dL | |
| Lactate (lactic acid) | Venous: 4.5 - 19.8 mg/dL Arterial: 4.5 - 14.4 mg/dL | |
| Lactic Dehydrogenase | 50 - 150 units/L | |
| Lead | 40 µg/dL or less (normally much lower in children) | |
| Lipase | 10 - 150 units/L | |
| Zinc B-Zn | 70 - 102 µmol/L | |
| Lipids: | ||
| Cholesterol | Less than 225 mg/dL (for age 40-49 yr; increases with age) | |
| Triglycerides | 10 - 29 years | 53 - 104 mg/dL |
| 30 - 39 years | 55 - 115 mg/dL | |
| 40 - 49 years | 66 - 139 mg/dL | |
| 50 - 59 years | 75 - 163 mg/dL | |
| 60 - 69 years | 78 - 158 mg/dL | |
| > 70 years | 83 - 141 mg/dL | |
| Liver Function Tests | Tests include bilirubin (total), phosphatase (alkaline), protein (total and albumin), transaminases (alanine and aspartate), prothrombin (PTT) Please click each to view an individual test value. | |
| Magnesium | 1.9 - 2.7 mEq/L | |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) | 27 - 32 pg/cell | |
| Mean Corpuscular HemoglobinConcentration (MCHC) | 32 - 36% hemoglobin/cell | |
| Mean Corpuscular Volume(MCV) | 76 - 100 cu µm | |
| Osmolality | 280 - 296 mOsm/kg water | |
| Oxygen Pressure | 83 - 100 mm Hg | |
| Oxygen Saturation (arterial) | 96 - 100% | |
| Phosphatase, Prostatic | 0 - 3 units/dL (Bodansky units) (acid) | |
| Phosphatase | 50 - 160 units/L (normally higher in infants and adolescents) (alkaline) | |
| Phosphorus | 3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL (inorganic) | |
| Platelet Count | 150,000 - 350,000/mL | |
| Potassium (калий) | 3.5 - 5.4 mEq/L | |
| Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) | 0 - 4 ng/mL (likely higher with age) | |
| Proteins: | ||
| Total | 6.0 - 8.4 gm/dL | |
| Albumin | 3.5 - 5.0 gm/dL | |
| Globulin | 2.3 - 3.5 gm/dL | |
| Prothrombin (PTT) | 25 - 41 sec | |
| Pyruvic Acid | 0.3 - 0.9 mg/dL | |
| Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) | 4.2 - 6.9 million/µL/cu mm | |
| Sodium | 133 - 146 mEq/L | |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | 0.5 - 6.0 µ units/mL | |
| Transaminase: | ||
| Alanine (ALT) | 1 - 21 units/L | |
| Aspartate (AST) | 7 - 27 units/L | |
| Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | 7 - 18 mg/dL | |
| BUN/Creatinine Ratio | 5 - 35 | |
| Uric Acid | Male | 2.1 to 8.5 mg/dL (likely higher with age) |
| Female | 2.0 to 7.0 mg/dL (likely higher with age) | |
| Vitamin A | 30 - 65 µg/dL | |
| WBC (leukocyte count and white Blood cell count) | 4.3-10.8 × 103/mm3 | |
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC) | 4,300 - 10,800 cells/µL/cu mm |
CSF
| Reference ranges in CSF | |||
| Substance | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| Glucose | 50[3] | 80[3] | mg/dL |
| Protein | 15[3] | 40[4]–45[3] | mg/dL |
| RBCs | n/a[3] | 0[3] / negative | cells/µL or cells/mm3 |
| WBCs | 0[3] | 3[3] | cells/µL cells/mm3 |
| Cause | Appearance | Polymorphonuclear cell | Lymphocyte | Protein | Glucose |
| Pyogenic bacterial meningitis | Yellowish, turbid | Markedly increased | Slightly increased or Normal | Markedly increased | Decreased |
| Viral meningitis | Clear fluid | Slightly increased or Normal | Markedly increased | Slightly increased or Normal | Normal |
| Tuberculous meningitis | Yellowish and viscous | Slightly increased or Normal | Markedly increased | Increased | Decreased |
| Fungal meningitis | Yellowish and viscous | Slightly increased or Normal | Markedly increased | Slightly increased or Normal | Normal or decreased |
МОЧА
Ions and trace metals
| Target | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Nitrite | n/a | 0 / negative[3] | The presence of nitrites in urine indicate the presence of coliform bacteria. This may be a sign of infection, however, the other parameters such as leukocyte esterase, urine white blood cell count, and symptoms such as dysuria, urinary_urgency, fevers and chills must be correlated to diagnose an infection. | |
| Sodium(Na) - per day | 150[4] | 300[4] | mmol / 24hours | The sodium levels are frequently ordered during the workup of acute renal failure. The fractional excretion of sodium, abbreviated as FeNa is an important marker in distinguishing pre-renal from post-renal failure. |
| Potassium(K) - per day | 40[4] | 90[4] | mmol / 24hours | Urine potassium may be ordered in the workup of hypokalemia. In case of GI loss of potassium, the urine potassium will be low. In case of renal loss of potassium, the urine potassium levels will be high. Decreased levels of urine potassium are also seen in hypoaldosteronism and adrenal insufficiency. |
| Urinary calcium(Ca) - per day | 15[5] | 20[5] | mmol / 24hours | An abnormally high level is called hypercalciuria and an abnormally low rate is called hypocalciuria. Further information and more detailed ranges: Urinary calcium |
| 100[5] | 250[5] | mg / 24 hours | ||
| Phosphate(P) - per day | n/a[4] | 38[4] | mmol / 24hours | Phosphaturia is the hyperexcretion of phosphate in the urine. This condition is divided into primary and secondary types. Primary hypophosphatemia is characterized by direct excess excretion of phosphate by the kidneys, as from primary renal dysfunction, and also the direct action of many classes of diuretics on the kidneys. Additionally, secondary causes, including both types of hyperparathyroidism cause hyperexcretion of phosphate in the urine. |
Proteins and enzymes
| Target | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Protein | trace amounts[3] / 20 | mg/dL | Proteins may be measured with the Albustix Test. Since proteins are very large molecules (macromolecules), they are not normally present in measurable amounts in the glomerular filtrate or in the urine. The detection of protein in urine, called proteinuria may indicate that the permeabilityof the glomerulus is abnormally increased. This may be caused by renal infections or it may be caused by other diseases that have secondarily affected the kidneys such as diabetes mellitus, jaundice, or hyperthyroidism. Further information: Proteinuria | |
| hCG In non-pregnant adults | - | 50[7] | U/L | This hormone appears in the urine of pregnant women. Home pregnancy tests commonly detect this substance. |
Blood cells
| Target | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Red blood cells(RBCs) / erythrocytes | 0[3][8] | 2[3] - 3[8] | per High Power Field (HPF) | |
| RBC casts | n/a | 0 / negative[3] | ||
| White blood cells(WBCs) / leukocytes | 0[3] | 2[3] / negative[3] | Further information: Pyuria | |
| - | per µlor mm3 | "Significant pyuria" at greater than or equal to 10 leucocytes per microlitre (µl) or cubic millimeter (mm3) | ||
| Blood | n/a | 0 / negative[3] | May be present as intact RBC which indicates bleeding or discoloration. Note that a very small amount of blood is enough to give the entire urine sample or the foley bag a red/pink hue, and it is difficult to judge the amount of bleeding from a gross examination. The urine color may also be red due to excretion of pigment such as myoglobin and hemoglobin, in which case the urine dipstick shows presence of blood but there are no RBC seen on microscopic examination. Always check INR/PT/PTT and send a fresh urine sample for urinalysis when blood is detected. A case can also be made for urine cytology, especially for elderly patients. Further information: Hematuria |
Other molecules
| Target | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Glucose | n/a | 0 / negative[3] | Glucose can be measured with Benedict's Test. Although glucose is easily filtered in the glomerulus, it is not present in the urine because all of the glucose that is filtered is normally reabsorbed from the renal tubules back into the blood. Presence of glucose in the urine is called glucosuria. Further information: Glucosuria | |
| Ketone bodies | n/a | 0 / negative[3] | When there is carbohydrate deprivation, such as starvation or high protein diets, the body relies increasingly on the metabolism of fats for energy. This pattern is also seen in people with the disease diabetes mellitus, when a lack of the hormone insulin prevents the body cells from utilizing the large amounts of glucose available in the blood. This happens because insulin is necessary for the transport of glucose from the blood into the body cells. The metabolism of fat proceeds in a series of steps. First, triglycerides are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol. Second the fatty acids are hydrolyzed into smaller intermediate compounds (acetoacetic acid, betahydroxybutyric acid, and acetone). Thirdly, the intermediate products are utilized in aerobic cellular respiration. When the production of the intermediate products of fatty acid metabolism (collectively known as ketone bodies) exceeds the ability of the body to metabolize these compounds they accumulate in the blood and some end up in the urine (ketonuria). Further information: Ketonuria | |
| Bilirubin | n/a | 0 / negative[3] | The fixed phagocytic cells of the spleen and bone marrow destroy old red blood cells and convert the heme groups of hemoglobin to the pigment bilirubin. The bilirubin is secreted into the blood and carried to the liver where it is bonded to (conjugated with) glucuronic acid, a derivative of glucose. Some of the conjugated bilirubin is secreted into the blood and the rest is excreted in the bile as bile pigment that passes into the small intestine. The blood normally contains a small amount of free and conjugated bilirubin. An abnormally high level of blood bilirubin may result from: an increased rate of red blood cell destruction, liver damage, as in hepatitis and cirrhosis, and obstruction of the common bile duct as with gallstones. An increase in blood bilirubin results in jaundice, a condition characterized by a brownish yellow pigmentation of the skin and of the sclera of the eye. Further information: Bilirubinuria | |
| Urobilinogen | 0.2[3] | 1.0 [3] | Ehrlich units or mg/dL | |
| Creatinine - per day | 4.8[4] | 19[4] | mmol / 24hours | |
| Freecatecholamines, dopamine - per day | 90 [9] | 420 [9] | μg / 24hours | |
| Free cortisol | 28[10]or 30[11] | 280[10] or 490[11] | nmol/24h | Values below threshold indicate Addison's disease, while values above indicate Cushing's syndrome. A value smaller than 200 nmol/24h (72 µg/24h[12]) strongly indicates absence of Cushing's syndrome.[11] |
| 10[13]or 11[12] | 100[13] or 176[12] | µg/24h | ||
| Phenylalanine | 30.0 | mg/L[14] | In neonatal screening, a value above upper limit defines phenylketonuria.[14] |
Other urine parameters
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments | |
| Urine specific gravity | 1.003[1][3] | 1.030[1][3] | no unit | This test detects the ion concentration of urine. Small amounts of protein or ketoacidosis tend to elevate the urine's specific gravity (SG). This value is measured using a urinometer and indicates whether you are hydrated or dehydrated. If the SG of your urine is under 1.010 you are hydrated. If your urine SG is above 1.020, you are dehydrated. | |
| Osmolality | 400[4] | n/a[4] | mOsm/kg | ||
| pH | 5[3] | 7[3] | (unitless) | ||
| Bacterial cultures | by urination | - | 100,000 | colony forming units per millilitre (CFU/mL) | Bacteriuria can be confirmed if a single bacterial species is isolated in a concentration greater than 100,000 colony forming units per millilitre of urine in clean-catch midstream urine specimens (one for men, two consecutive specimens with the same bacterium for women). Further information: Bacteriuria |
| by bladder catheterisation | - | For urine collected via bladder catheterisation, the threshold is 100 colony forming units of a single species per millilitre. Further information: Bacteriuria |