ORGANIZATION OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Rendering the newspaper article
The President of the United States is chosen in a national election for a four-year term of office, and may be re-elected for a second term. He must be a native-born citizen at least 35 years old. Like every US citizen he must pay income tax on his salary and on the extra money he has earned. He receives up to $100,000 tax-free for travel and $ 20,000 for official entertainment, and is provided a home and extensive office space at the White House.
As head of the Executive Branch, the President must carry out the government programs enacted into law by Congress. He recommends programs and laws to Congress and requests money for federal government operations. If a President "vetoes" or refuses to sign a bill passed by the Congress, his veto may be overruled by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress. The President appoints federal judges, ambassadors and hundreds of government officials, and assigns duties to the elected Vice President. If a President dies, resigns or becomes permanently disabled, the Vice President assumes the office until the next election.
Under the U.S. Constitution a sitting President may be removed from office before his term expires only by an impeachment process that begins with the House of Representatives. Upon sufficient evidence, the House drafts a "bill of impeachment", which must be approved by two-thirds of its membership. Trial in the Senate, with the Chief Justice of the United States acting as the judge and the Senators as the jury, follows. Only one American President has ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson, who was tried and acquitted in 1868. But 1974 saw an equally historic confrontation arising out of the "Watergate" affair, which centered on illegal campaign contributions and involved top-level administration officials, including President Richard Nixon. Before a trial could take place, however, President Nixon resigned his office, and Gerald R. Ford, then Vice President, succeeded him. The transition was quick and orderly as the business of the nation went on.
The Department of State, headed by the Secretary of State, advises the President on foreign relations. This department handles all peaceful dealings with other countries, and issues passports to American citizens who wish to travel abroad and visas to visitors to the United States.
The Treasury Department manages government finances, collects taxes, mints coins and prints paper money. The Secret Service, which protects the President and Vice President, their families and some other dignitaries, is also part of the Treasury Department. So are the Customs Service and the Internal Revenue Service.
The Department of Defense is responsible for the nation's security. The Secretary of Defense is assisted by the Secretaries Of the Army, Wavy and Air Force.
The Department of Justice is headed by the Attorney General, who acts for the government in legal matters and moves against violators of federal laws. The FBI and federal prisons are under his jurisdiction.
The Department of the Interior protects and develops the nation's natural resources and manages the national parks. It also enforces federal hunting and fishing laws, checks on the safety of mines and is responsible for the welfare of the Indian tribes.
The Department of Agriculture aids food production and looks after the interests of farmers. It issues, numerous reports on the supply and prices of farm products, conducts scientific studies of agriculture and lends money to build rural electric systems. Most farms today are served by electricity.
The Department of Labor is concerned with the working conditions, safety and welfare of the nation's non farm workers. It enforces, among others, the laws on minimum wages and maximum hours for workers. The department's mediation and conciliation service helps employers and workers to settle labor disputes.
The Department of Commerce helps to develop domestic commerce as well as trade with other countries, particularly in the mining, manufacturing and transportation industries. One of its important branches issues patents for new inventions; others test products to be sure they meet high standards and report on weather conditions.
In 1979 the Department of Health, Education and Welfare was reorganized into two separate agencies: the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Education. The Department of Health and Human Services administers many of the nation's social services programs on a federal level. The Department of Education administers and coordinates more than 150 federal aid-to-education programs.
The Department of Housing and Urban Development was created in 1965 to help provide adequate housing, particularly for low-income groups, and to foster large-scale urban renewal programs.
In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson proposed, and Congress approved, the establishment of a Department of Transportation to coordinate transportation activities previously carried on by several government agencies.
The Department of Energy, created in 1977 to address the] nation's growing energy problems, consolidated the major federal energy functions into a single department. It is responsible for research, development and demonstration of energy technology; energy conservation; the nuclear weapons program; regulation of energy supply at the national level.
The Department of Veterans' Affairs is the latest acquisition. In 1988 the Veterans Administration was transformed into what it is today, the Department of Veterans. Its purpose is to coordinate and implement special programs to assist veterans.
COMMENTS
В структуру федерального правительства США входят департаменты (Departments), соответствующие министерствам (Ministries) в других странах. Применительно к США "министерство" переводится как "Department", a "Ministry" преимущественно сохраняет этимологическое значение, имевшееся в латинском языке, и употребляется как "служение"; относится, в основном, к религиозной сфере: minister "слуга", "помощник", lat. ministerium "служба", "служение", "обязанности". Однокоренные слова: administration, administrator, administer.
Следует также обратить внимание на то, что в данном контексте Secretary переводится чаще всего как "министр", например Secretary of Commerce "министр торговли".
Department of Agriculture - Министерство сельского хозяйства
Department of Commerce - Министерство торговли
Department of Defense - Министерство обороны
Department of Education - Министерство образования
Department of Energy- Министерство энергетики
Department of Health and Human Services - Министерство здравоохранения и социальных служб
Department of Housing and Urban Development- Министерство жилищного строительства и городского развития
Department of the Interior - Министерство внутренних дел
Department of Justice - Министерство юстиции
Department of Labor - Министерство труда
Department of State - Государственный департамент
Department of Transportation - Министерство транспорта
The Treasury Department - Министерство финансов
Department of Veterans' Affairs - Министерство по делам ветеранов
Chief Justice of the United States - председатель Верховного суда США.
Secretary of State - Государственный секретарь, Госсекретарь, или министр иностранных дел, возглавляет Государственный департамент (Госдепартамент), или Министерство иностранных дел США.
Министерство финансов США имеет следующие три подразделения: Секретную службу "Secret Service", Таможенную службу "Customs Service" и Налоговую службу "Internal Revenue Service".
Army- "сухопутные войска", Navy - "военно-морской флот" (ПМФ) и Air Force - "военно-воздушные силы" (ВВС) находятся в ведении Министерства обороны США.
Attorney General - Генеральный прокурор США, или Министр юстиции, возглавляет Министерство юстиции США. Под его юрисдикцией находится Федеральное бюро расследований (ФБР) "Federal Bureau of Investigation" (FBI).
The Department of the Interior- традиционно переводится как "Министерство внутренних дел". Однако, учитывая сферу его деятельности, связанную с защитой природных богатств США, ему более соответствовало бы название "Министерство природных ресурсов".
Urban renewal programs - программы развития и обновления городов.
Vocabulary
carry out - осуществлять, выполнять, доводить до конца.
enact- предписывать, постановлять; принимать, вводить в действия, придавать законную силу; to be enacted into law - стать законом; to enact a change - принять закон, меняющий положение дел
overrule - отвергать, отклонять; аннулировать, считать недействительным.
assign- назначать; давать, поручать; to assign duties - определять обязанности.
resign- отказываться от должности, права; уходить в отставку.
assume - брать на себя; to assume the office - взять на себя обязанности.
sufficient - достаточный.
draft- план, проект, набросок, эскиз.
approve- одобрять, утверждать, соглашаться; to go for approval - быть вынесенным на рассмотрение; subject to approval - при условии одобрения.
acquit- оправдывать; to be acquitted - быть признанным невиновным.
succeed- достигнуть цели; добиться; преуспеть; приходить на смену.
orderly- методичный; опрятный; регулярный; благонравный.
transition- переход.
issue- выпускать, издавать; выходить, вытекать, исходить; кончаться, завершаться; to issue bills - издавать законопроект; to issue passports - выдавать паспорта; to issue reports - составлять отчеты; to issue patents - выдавать патенты; to issue an opinion - высказывать мнение.
mint- чеканить.
revenue- годовой доход.
violator - нарушитель.
interior- внутренний.
acquisition- достижение, приобретение.
enforce- принуждать, заставлять; навязывать; проводить в жизнь; следить за соблюдением; to enforce a law - проводить в жизнь закон.
welfare- благосостояние; благополучие, достаток; работа по улучшению быта.
aid- помощь, содействие, поддержка; помощник.
rural- сельский, деревенский.
conciliation - примирение, умиротворение; согласительная процедура; mediation and conciliation - служба по (посредничеству и) урегулированию конфликтов.
settle- урегулировать.
mining- горное дело; разработка полезных ископаемых; горная промышленность.
foster- воспитывать, лелеять; благоприятствовать, способствовать развитию.
large-scale - крупномасштабный.
propose- предлагать; делать предложение.
establishment- установление, основание; созидание; введение; учреждение; организация, заведение; (прочное) положение в обществе, устроенность; закон, правило, постановление; штатное расписание.
carry on - продолжать; вести дело (процесс).
consolidate- укреплять; утверждать; объединять.
implement- выполнять, осуществлять, обеспечивать выполнение, проводить в жизнь; снабжать, обеспечивать; to implement an agreement - выполнять соглашение; to implement in practice - осуществлять на практике, претворять в жизнь; to implement a project - реализовывать проект.
exempt- изъятый; освобожденный от (налога).
subdivision- подразделение.
dignitary - сановник, высокопоставленный чиновник, чиновник высокого ранга.
expand- расти, развиваться, распространяться; расширяться, увеличиваться, растягиваться.
due - должное; то что причитается; dues - сборы, налоги, пошлины; взносы.
ASSIGNMENTS