Требования к выполнению и оформлению контрольных работ

МИНОБРНАУКИ РФ

ГОУ ВПО

Тульский государственный университет

Кафедра иностранных языков

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ И

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

по английскому языку

для студентов заочного обучения

Тула 2010

Предисловие

Материал контрольных работ распределяется на четыре семестра (по одной контрольной работе в семестр). При ускоренной программе дистанционного обучения все четыре контрольные работы должны быть выполнены в период, отведенный программой, разработанной для ускоренной формы обучения.

Требования к зачету

К зачету по английскому языку допускаются студенты, выполнившие в письменном виде и защитившие на официальном зачете одну контрольную работу, предусмотренную программой, и выполнившие перевод текстов в объеме печатных знаков.

На зачете осуществляется контроль чтения и понимания предложенного текста на английском языке, включающего в себя изученный на данном этапе лексико-грамматический материал.

Формы проверки понимания содержания текста: письменный или устный перевод всего текста или его фрагмента, ответы на вопросы по содержанию текста, выбор соответствующего варианта ответа из ряда предложенных высказываний, другие формы контроля.

Требования к экзамену

К экзамену по английскому языку допускаются студенты, получившие зачет за первый, второй и третий семестры, выполнившие весь объем работ за четыре семестра, включая четыре письменные контрольные работы и другие задания в соответствии с учебным планом кафедры иностранных языков.

На экзамене студент должен выполнить экзаменационный тест, содержащий 55 заданий, включающих в себя:

1-30 - лексико-грамматические тесты;

31-55 - задания на понимание общетехнического текста объемом 1200-1500 печатных знаков.

Продолжительность экзамена 1,5 часа. Разрешается пользоваться словарем.

Требования к выполнению и оформлению контрольных работ

1. Каждое контрольное задание представлено в пяти вариантах. Студент-заочник выполняет один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами его студенческого шифра. Студент, шифр которого оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняет первый вариант; 3-4 – второй вариант; 5-6 – третий вариант; 7-8 – четвертый вариант; 9-0 – пятый вариант.

2. Письменная контрольная работа должна быть оформлена в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради студент-заочник пишет свою фамилию, имя и отчество, номер контрольной работы, вариант, дату выполнения.

3. Письменная контрольная работа должна быть выполнена авторучкой, аккуратно, четким почерком (или в машинописном виде). При выполнении контрольной работы следует оставлять в тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и указаний преподавателя-рецензента.

Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради по следующему образцу:

Левая страница	Правая страница
Поля Английский текст	Русский текст Поля

4. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения вышеизложенных требований, она возвращается без проверки.

5. Строго соблюдайте последовательность выполнения заданий.

6. Текст, предназначенный для письменного перевода, переписывается на левой странице, а перевод на русский язык – на правой странице.

7. В конце работы поставьте свою личную подпись.

8. При получении от рецензента проверенной контрольной работы студент-заочник обязан проанализировать отмеченные в работе орфографические и грамматические ошибки или неточности, исправить их в письменном виде в конце данной работы или на отдельном листе, который должен прилагаться к данной работе.

9. Отрецензированные письменные контрольные работы необходимо сохранять и предъявлять на зачете и экзамене.

10. Перед выполнением контрольного задания рекомендуется изучить грамматические явления, проверяемые в контрольной работе, в учебной литературе по английскому языку.

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 1.

Для выполнения контрольного задания 1 необходимо проработать следующие разделы курса.

1. Структура английского предложения (повествовательное, вопросительное, отрицательное).

2. Имя существительное. Образование множественного числа, особые случаи образования множественного числа существительных.

3. Местоимения (личные, притяжательные, указательные, вопросительные, относительные, неопределенные).

4. Оборот there + be.

5. Прилагательное. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

6. Формы английского глагола.

7. Система времен в активном залоге.

ВАРИАНТ 1.

I. Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –S и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Образец выполнения 1:

1. In autumn many birds fly 1. Осенью многие птицы улетают в to warm countries . теплые страны.

Birds - множественное число от имени существительного a bird - птица.

2. Most of the London’s places of interest 2. Большинство достопримечательностей

are situated to the north of the river Thames. Лондона располагаются к северу от Темзы.

London’s – притяжательный падеж имени существительного в единственном числе.

3. In the United StatesMother’s Day 3. В Соединенных Штатах Америки День

is the second Sunday in May. Матери отмечается во второе воскресенье

мая.

States – множественное число от имени существительного state - штат.

Mother’s - притяжательный падеж имени существительного в единственном числе.

1. The names “United Kingdom”, “Great Britain” and “England” are often used interchangeably.

2. Great Britain consists of 3 parts: England, Scotland and Wales.

3. There are two places of interest in the City: St. Paul’s Cathedral and the Tower of London.

4. Agatha Christie’s success with millions of readers lies in her ability to combine clever plots with excellent character drawing.

5. Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever.

II. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык оборота there + be.

1. There is not a passion so strongly rooted in the human hearts as envy.

2. There will be a lot of trends in fashion of the 21st century.

3. There may be a fall in price for this product in the near future.

III.Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите данные предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. The exam was much easier than we expected.

2. My house is the same height as his.

3. This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.

4. The hotter it is the more miserable I feel.

5. These shoes are the least expensive of all.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. None of the pictures at the art shop was good enough to buy for our museum.

2. If there are any calls for me, can you ask to leave a message?

3. Some people are early risers.

V. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму, указав его инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Образец выполнения 2:

Lomonosov founded the first Russian Ломоносов основал первый русский

University in Moscow университет в Москве.

Founded - Past Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to found.

1. Wise kings generally have wise councillors.

2. Scientists in many different countries are working to explain this mystery.

3. Have you ever seen a film in which a train crashed or a ship sank.

4. I shall have finished the translation by nine o’clock tomorrow morning.

5. Dinosaurs died out millions of years ago.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

The poisoning of the world's land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilisation. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, earthquakes and floods, but it is potentially one of history's greatest dangers to human life on earth. If present trends continue for the next several decades, our planet will become uninhabitable.

Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warming that is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect.

The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilisers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas.

Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct twenty years from now.

Air pollution is a very serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is life threatening — equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for Mexico City and 600 cities of the former Soviet Union.

People are beginning to realise that environmental problems are not somebody else's. They join and support various international organisations and green parties. If governments wake up to what is happening — perhaps we'll be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with it.

ВАРИАНТ 2.

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1)

1. Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles.

2. Northern Ireland occupies the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland.

3. St. Paul’s Cathedral was built in the 17^th century by the architect Christopher Wren.

4. Agatha Christie’s plots always mislead the reader and keep him in suspense.

5. The Englishman prefers his own house to an apartment in a block of flats.

II. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык оборота there + be.

1. There are millions of stars within our galaxy.

2. There will be a sale in this supermarket.

3. Since 1960s there has been an increasing tendency for population to move from city centers

to the countryside.

III. Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите данные предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.

2. His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s.

3. No sooner had he started out for California than it started to rain.

4. Honesty is the best policy.

5. Of two evils choose the least.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. Have you got any luggage? Let me help you.

2. “Would you like to eat something?” asked Tom.

3. Nobody came to visit him while he was in hospital.

V. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму, указав его инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте 1)

1. All historical places of London are in the West End.

2. Recently BBC experts have invented a new system that lets the deaf understand television

programmes.

3. The student will begin to work as an apprentice to a trained worker next week.

4. In three months he will have been here for a year.

5. In 1620 a ship named the “Mayflower”, brought 120 Englishmen to the rocky coast of America.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

New York - or the Big Apple, as people call it - is the chief city and port of the USA. It has a population of nearly eight million people, and is the sixth largest city in the world. New York stands at the mouth of the River Hudson in New York State. It has five boroughs - Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island and the Bronx. All the boroughs except the Bronx are on islands. Manhattan is the oldest part of the city, and is the country's commercial centre. It is well-known for its art galleries, and has two universities.

New York is especially famous for its skyscrapers - particularly The Empire State Building and the United Nations Headquarters. The main industries of the city are clothing, publishing, textiles, food processing and luxury goods.

Just a few statistics give an idea of what life in New York is like: for example, the city has a hundred hospitals, ninety-one colleges, universities and technical schools, and over two thousand schools. The city employs forty thousand teachers, twenty-five thousand policemen and thirteen thousand firemen. And in their free time New Yorkers have a choice of fifteen television stations and thirty-nine radio stations.

ВАРИАНТ 3.

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1)

1. The island of Great Britain has the length of 974 kilometres and the width of 531 kilometres.

2. The warm Gulf Stream brings warm south-west winds that raise winter temperatures.

3. Trafalgar Square is named in the memory of admiral Nelson’s victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

4. Agatha Cristie’s language is simple and good.

5. The city of Montreal covers 70 square miles.

II. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык оборота there + be.

1. There were rosy-cheeked dolls hiding behind the green leaves of the Christmas tree.

2. There are two trends in the 21^st century fashion that will most probably continue in the future.

3. There must be an equilibrium between demand for and supply of goods.

III. Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите данные предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. I can’t run as fast as he.

2. The salary of a manager is higher than that of a secretary.

3. The more you study the smarter you will become.

4. If you are interested in further details ask the head of the office.

5. That was the most difficult case in his practice.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. Is there any letters for me?

2. I can’t talk to you now. I have got no free time.

3. Some of the people he worked with were very friendly.

V. Прочитайте, перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму, указав его инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте 1)

1. I now you are taking an advanced geography course now.

2. Like it or not, television has been the supreme holiday attraction ever since it upstaged the cinema by showing old films.

3. During the apprenticeship period the student will begin to earn money.

4. He will have left for Kiev by Saturday.

5. The Pilgrims arrived to America and founded their colony in 1020.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web(WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is informationthat is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, aid by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon orregion of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

ВАРИАНТ 4.

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1)

1. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242000 square kilometers.

2. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the South.

3. The Nelson’s Column stands in the middle of Trafalgar Square.

4. It’s pleasant to read Agatha Christie’s books in the original.

5. Everyone knows that Sochi is one of the cities situated on the Black Sea coast.

1. There were many people in the shops yesterday.

2. There are various forms of money in the modern economy.

3. There have recently been offered nationwide programmes of evironmental protection.

III.Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите данные предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. It was the most boring film I have ever seen.

2. I feel much better today than I did last week.

3. Of the three books, this one is the most interesting.

4. The smaller the garden is, the easier it is to look after it.

5. These shoes cost as much as mine.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод

неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. I got the book without any difficulty.

2. I don’t know about it, ask somebody else.

3. There is no uniform school organization or curriculum in the USA.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте 1)

1. Now she is having difficulty in putting facts in order.

2. It has been raining since early morning.

3. What will you be doing at 4.30 tomorrow afternoon?

4. By two o’clock the student will have finished the translation of the text.

5. By the 16^th century a new economic system had replaced feudalism.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

History books record that the first film with sound was The Jazz Singer in 1927. But sound films, or "talkies", did not suddenly appear after years of silent screenings. From the earliest public performances in 1896, films were accompanied by music and sound effects. These were produced by a single pianist, a small band, or a full-scale orchestra; large movie theaters could buy sound-effects machines. Research into sound that was reproduced at exactly the same time as the pictures - called "synchronized sound" - began soon after the very first films were shown. With synchronized sound, characters on the movie screen could sing and speak. As early as 1896, the newly invented gramophone, which played a large disc carrying music and dialogue, was used as a sound system. The biggest disadvantage was that the sound and pictures could become unsynchronized if, for example, the gramophone needle jumped or if the speed of the projector changed. This system was only effective for a single song or dialogue sequence.

In the "sound-on-film" system, sounds were recorded as a series of marks on celluloid which could be read by an optical sensor. These signals would be placed on the film alongside the image, guaranteeing synchronization. Short feature films were produced in this way as early as 1922. This system eventually brought us "talking pictures".

ВАРИАНТ 5.

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1)

1. Great Britain is one of the most densely populated countries of Europe.

2. Moscow covers an area of about 880 square kilometers.

3. George Stephenson’s early locomotives were used to carry loads in coal mines.

4. The Tretyakov Gallery is Russia’s biggest and most important museum of Russian art.

5. The water of Black Sea contains many chemical substances.

1. There are many good hotels in the town.

2. There may be a number of ways of solving this problem.

3. There will be a lot of guests at the party on Sunday.

III. Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите данные предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. My book is as interesting as yours.

2. No animal is so long as King Kong.

3. He drives more cautious than Bob.

4. Actions speak louder than words.

5. The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive.

1. Have you got any questions?

2. He knew nothing about that accident.

3. We must buy something for his birthday.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте 1)

1. The world sea surrounds the earth and belongs to us all.

2. My brother has been taking music lessons for three years now.

3. Ann is going to enter the university.

4. Have you ever seen the ancient stone carvings?

5. The main ideas were set forth in the statement which had appeared in the press the day

before.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

HISTORY AND FUTURE OF THE INTERNET

The Internet technology was created by Vinton Cerf in early 1973 as part of a project headed by Robert Kahn and conducted by the Advanced Research Projects Agency, part of the United States Department of Defence. Later Cerf made many efforts to build and standardise the Internet. In 1984 the technology and the network were turned over to the private sector and to government scientific agencies for further development. The growth has continued exponentially. Service-provider companies that make «gateways» to the Internet available to home and business users enter the market in ever-increasing numbers. By early 1995, access was available in 180 countries and more than 30 million users used the Internet. The Internet and its technology continue to have a profound effect in promoting the exchange of information, making possible rapid transactions among businesses, and supporting global collaboration among individuals and organizations. More than 100 million computers are connected via the global Internet in 2000, and even more are attached to enterprise internets. The development of the World Wide Web leads to the rapid introduction of new business tools and activities that may lead to annual business transactions on the Internet worth hundreds of billions of dollars.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents. Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Для выполнения контрольного задания 2 необходимо проработать следующие разделы курса:

1. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

2. Система времен в пассивном залоге.

3. Особенности употребления пассивного залога в английском языке по сравнению с русским.

4. Многофункциональность глаголов to be и to have.

ВАРИАНТ 1.

I. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол. Переведите письменно эти предложения на русский язык.

1. We can see the lake from our bedroom window.

2. You must work hard at your English if you want to know it.

3. May I use the phone, please?

4. He knew he should tell them everything.

5. You ought to look after your children better.

II. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них синоним или эквивалент модального глагола. Определите модальный глагол, синонимом или эквивалентом которого он является. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Образец выполнения 1:

These machines are to replace the old Эти механизмы должны заменить старое

equipment of our shop. оборудование нашего цеха.

Are to - синоним модального глагола can в Present Indefinite Active, мн. число.

1. I haven’t been able to sleep recently.

2. You will have to be at work at 9 in the morning.

3. Tom was to take part in the baseball match last week but he fell ill.

4. James has to take an educational course next September.

5. She was not allowed to say anything of that to anyone.

III. Прочитайте и перепишите приведенные ниже предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них глагол в Passive Voice, проанализируйте данные глаголы и письменно переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

Образец выполнения 2:

The following examples were made use of. Были использованы следующие примеры.

Were made - Past Indefinite Passive от нестандартного глагола to make.

1. English is the main foreign language which is taught within most school systems.

2. My father has been persuaded that roast meat is not healthy.

3. Do you know many paintings have been destroyed by vandals?

4. Suddenly he thought that something was expected of him.

5. The famous actress is being interviewed now for the “HELLO” magazine.

IV. Прочитайте и перепишитеследующие предложения. Подчеркните в них глаголы to be,

to have.Определите по грамматическим признакам, являются ли указанные глаголы: а) смысловыми; б) вспомогательными; в) эквивалентами или синонимами модального глагола (и какого); г) глаголом-связкой.

1. The traditional feature of Christmas in Britain is the Christmas tree.

2. When we walked through the entrance we saw shelves full of more toys than we have ever imagined.

3. By the time we reached the teacher we were wet from head to toe.

4. The Internet and its technology continue to have a profound effect in promoting the exchange of information.

V. Перепишите предложения с выделенными в них словами и переведите данные предложения, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных словосочетаний.

1. It was the new system of education thatgave the best results.

2. It was the director who adopted the general plan of reconstruction.

3. Neither my friend norI am fond of skating.

4. Either your children ormy son has broken this vase.

5. Both students and teachers have already gathered in the big hall.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

A Japanese construction company plans to create a huge independent city-state, akin to the legendary Atlantis, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The city, dubbed "Marinnation", would have about one million inhabitants, two airports, and possibly even a space port. Marinnation, if built, would be a separate country but could serve as a home for international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank.

Aside from the many political and social problems that would have to be solved, the engineering task envisaged is monumental. The initial stage requires the building of a circular dam 18 miles in diameter attached to the sea bed in a relatively shallow place in International waters. Then, several hundred powerful pumps, operating for more than a year, would suck out the sea water from within the dam. When empty and dry, the area would have a city constructed on it. The actual land would be about 300 feet below sea level. According to designers, the hardest task from an engineering point of view would be to ensure that the dam is leak proof and earthquake proof.

If all goes well, it is hoped that Marinnation could be ready for habitation at the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century. Whether anyone would want to live in such an isolated and artificial community, however, will remain an open question until that time.

ВАРИАНТ 2.

1. Can you speak any foreign languages?

2. Everyone must obey the law.

3. Everybody should eat more fruits and vegetables.

4. She may say anything she wants.

5. You ought to help your friend.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1)

1. Tom might not be able to come tomorrow.

2. She stayed in bed this morning because she didn’t have to go to work.

3. According to the contract, the goods are to arrive at the port at the end of the week.

4. As the manager was out he had to wait for five minutes.

5. She was allowed to practise the piano any time.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте1)

1. On festive occasions sweets are served at the end of a meal.

2. She stood in the shadows of the jungle, knowing that she must have been followed by the Indians.

3. All tickets had been sold before we got in the theatre.

4. Students will be examined next Friday.

5. “A Farewell to Arms” was published in 1929.

IV. Прочитайте и перепишитеследующие предложения. Подчеркните в них глаголы to be,

1. The first Christmas trees were introduced in Britain about 150 years ago.

2. Christmas is only a few weeks away, so I have made a list of my favourite toys to send to Santa Claus!

3. Alf played very well but in the end Jack was able to beat him.

4. Gary Kasparov had to work hard but finally it paid and he became world chess champion.

1. It is the statistical analysis which is of great importance for proper planning.

2. It was our relatives who sent us that telegram.

3. My daughter could neither read nor write when she went to school.

4. We’ll either be going to the theatre or the cinema this week-end.

5. Both my sister and I were upset when we heard the news.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

ENGLISH CHARACTER

One of the most striking features of English life is the self-discipline and courtesy of people of all classes. There is little noisy behaviour, and practically no loud disputing in the street. People do not rush excitedly for seats in buses or trains, but take their seats in queues at bus stops in a quiet and orderly manner.

Englishmen are naturally polite and are never tired in saying "Thank you", "I'm sorry", "Beg your pardon". If you follow anyone who is entering a building or a room, he will hold a door open for you. Many foreigners have commented on a remarkable politeness of the English people.

English people don't like displaying their emotions even in dangerous and tragic situations, and ordinary people seem to remain good-tempered and cheerful under difficulties.

The Englishman does not like any boasting or showing off in manners, dress or speech. Sometimes he conceals his knowledge: a linguist, for example, may not mention his understanding of a foreigner's language.

The Englishman prefers his own house to an apartment in a block of flats, because he doesn't wish his doing to be overlooked by his neighbours. "An Englishman's house is his castle."

ВАРИАНТ 3.

1. When we went to the forest we could smell burning.

2. Mary should have gone to bed earlier last night.

3. Michael mustn’t drive without headlights, it’s forbidden.

4. He asked what time he might arrive for an interview.

5. We ought to wash the dishes but we needn’t dry them.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1)

1. We were able to persuade them to go with us.

2. I am afraid I won’t be allowed to come to the party net week.

3. My friends are to meet tomorrow in the café.

4. He is so rich that he doesn’t have to work.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте1)

1. In India the right hand is used for eating.

2. She thought the arrow could be poisoned.

3. The dinner will be served by five o’clock tomorrow.

4. She was heard practising the piano yesterday.

5. Most children are strongly influenced by their parents.

IV. Прочитайте и перепишитеследующие предложения. Подчеркните в них глаголы to be,

1. Our teacher told us we had two hours to explore the toy store.

2. There were ice and roller skates, skateboards and bicycles of every shape and colour.

3. It was difficult but we were able to persuade them.

4. Gary Kasparov has got an excellent memory and ability to calculate and think ahead.

1. It was his room where he lost his key.

2. It is my best friend who always helps me in any situation.

3. I like neither football nor hokey.

4. This old woman never learnt either history or geography.

5. Both the children and the parents enjoyed the performance.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UK

Education after 16is voluntaryin United Kingdom. Students, who live in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland must take at the age of 16 the examinations for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). In Scotland students receive the Scottish Certificate of Education. After this exam students can choose to stay on in school or attend colleges of further education.

British universities are self-governing and are guaranteed academic independence. Fundingfor education and research is provided by funding councils set upby Parliament. The number of universities jumped in 1992 when polytechnicsand some other higher education establishmentswere given the right to become universities. By the end of 1994, there were some 90 universities, almost half of them former polytechnics, including the Open University.

Many of the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries. All other universities in Britain were founded in the 19^thand 20^th centuries. The Open University, based in Milton Keynes, England, was founded in 1969. It uses extension techniques of correspondence courses, television and radio programmes, and video cassettes, supported by local study centres and summer schools, to provide higher education opportunities to a wide variety of people.

During the 1960s there was a significant increase in the number of new universities, reflecting a fast growth in student numbers. During the 1980s, an expansion in higher education places led to another large jump in student numbers. In the 1992-1993 academic year there were more than 1.4 million students in full or part-time higher education in Great Britain, compared with just under 850,000 a decade earlier. About one quarter of young people are in higher education in England, Wales, and Scotland; one third in Northern Ireland. About 90 per cent of students get state grantsto cover tuition feesand living costs.

The size of the grant is determined by parent’s income.Since the late 1980s, however, grants have been frozen; students can apply for a student loan.

ВАРИАНТ 4.

1. She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said.

2. You should see a doctor.

3. They must be tired as they have been working all day.

4. I was told that I might place an advertisement in the newspaper.

5. We really ought to buy a new car.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1)

1. Alf played very well but at the end Jack was able to beat him.

2. Did you have to get up early to meet the delegation at the airport?

3. As I was to be there at 5 sharp, I took a taxi.

4. He was not allowed to leave before his parents came back.

5. Our baby will be able to walk in a few weeks.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте1)

1. Needless to say, hands must be washed before and after eating.

2. He knew the boys would be rescued.

3. About 50 people were invited to the party yesterday.

4. Oxford was beaten by Manchester United in the Cup Final yesterday.

5. Such a dress can’t be sat down in.

IV. Прочитайте и перепишитеследующие предложения. Подчеркните в них глаголы to be,

to have.Определите по грамматическим признакам, являются ли указанные глаголы:

а) смысловыми; б) вспомогательными; в) эквивалентами или синонимами модального глагола (и какого); г) глаголом-связкой.

1. Near the dolls were stuffed animals of all sizes and shapes.

2. Animals were running about in all the paths.

3. Joe felt great, knowing that he had succeeded in his plan.

4. People usually have dinner between 6.00 and 8.00 in the evening.

1. It was my friend whom I was to meet yesterday.

2. It was the government’s policy which allowed to reduce high rates of inflation.

3. I like neither green nor red coats.

4. Both my friend and I like the opera.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

AMERICAN CHARACTER

American society seems to be much more informal than the British and, in some ways, is characterised by less social distinction. Students do not rise when a teacher enters the room. One does not always address a person by his title, such as "Major" or "General" or "Doctor" in the case of a holder of a Doctor of Philosophy degree. The respectful "Sir" is not always used in the northern and western parts of the country.

However, it is best to use a person's title when first meeting him/her, and then allow the person to tell you how he/she wishes to be called.

They use first names when calling each other, slap on the back, joke and are much freer in their speech, which is more slangy than the conventional British English. You will often hear the word "Hi" (a form of greeting among friends) used instead of the usual "Hello," and "Howdy" instead of "How do you do?"

Those who don't easily show these signs of friendship are called "snooty" or "snobbish." In contrast, people who show such simple signs of friendship, particularly to their own economic and social inferiors, are praised as "regular guys," or as "truly democratic." As a description of character, democratic is generally used to signify that a person of high social or economic status acts in such a way that his or her inferiors are not reminded of their inferiority.

Certain forms of politeness are observed on social occasions. Women may wear hats in church, in restaurants, and often when attending luncheons in public places and other public social functions except those that take place in the evening. Men who do wear hats ordinarily remove them in elevators, churches, restaurants, private homes, business offices — in fact, in most public situations when they wishto show respect.

ВАРИАНТ 5.

1. I was so tired that I could sleep for a week.

2. Children mustn’t play football in the streets.

3. People shouldn’t smoke when there are children around.

4. They may arrive tomorrow or the day after.

5.You ought to hear the way he plays the piano.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1)

1. I think she will be able to understand everything.

2. From what he told me it sounded as if he had to see a doctor as soon as possible.

3. These shoes will have to be repaired.

4. We were to meet at the entrance of the theatre at a quarter to eight.

5. She was allowed to say anything she wanted.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте1)

1. Some of the rice is left plain to enable us to eat it with other dishes.

2. An area of rain forests the size of Austria is being destroyed every year.

3. Central heating has just been installed in Julia’s house.

4. The book had been given to me before it appeared on sale.

5. Many new houses will have been built in our street by next year.

IV. Прочитайте и перепишитеследующие предложения. Подчеркните в них глаголы to be,

to have.Определите по грамматическим признакам, являются ли указанные глаголы: а) смысловыми;

б) вспомогательными; в) эквивалентами или синонимами модального глагола (и какого); г) глаголом-связкой.

1. The most popular was a giant Teddy Bear which was bigger than three girls put together!

2. In the distance three camels were strolling along side by side.

3. My grandfather was very clever. He was able to speak five languages.

4. Everybody is having a good time at this party.

1. It is an accountant who is responsible for preparing all financial documents.

2. It is the organization of labour at this enterprise that requires improvement first.

3. Neither his parents nor he intends to stay here for another week.

4. They liked both the acting and the music of the play.

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

THEATRES IN BRITAIN

Theatres are much the same in London as anywhere else; the chief theatres, music-halls and cinemas are in the West End.

If you're staying in London for a few days, you'll have no difficulty whatever in finding somewhere to spend an enjoyable evening. You'll find opera, ballet, comedy, drama, review, musical comedy and variety. The best seats at the theatres are those in the stalls, the circle, and the upper circle. Then comes the pit, and last of all the gallery, where the seats are cheapest. Boxes, of course, are the most expensive. Most theatres and music-halls have good orchestras with popular conductors. You ought to make a point of going to the opera at least once during the season, if you can. There you can get the best of everything - an excellent orchestra, famous conductors, celebrated singers and a well-dressed audience. But, of course, if you're not fond of music and singing, opera won't interest you. At the West-End theatres you can see most of the famous English actors and actresses. As a rule, the plays are magnificently staged — costumes, dresses, scenery, everything being done on the most lavish scale. Choose a good play, and you'll enjoy yourself thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes up to the end of the last act. Get your seat beforehand, either at the box-office of the theatre itself or at one of the agencies.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Для выполнения контрольного задания 3 необходимо проработать следующие разделы курса:

1. Инфинитив, формы и функции.

2. Причастие, формы и функции.

3. Герундий, формы и функции.

ВАРИАНТ 1.

I. Прочитайте и перепишитеследующие предложения. Подчеркните в них инфинитив и определите его форму и функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Образец выполнения 1:

He stopped so as to talk to me Он остановился, чтобы поговорить

after the lecture. со мной после лекции.

To talk - Indefinite Infinitive Active, функция обстоятельства цели.

1. My parents never let me read in bed.

2. I don’t hear a word though he seems to be speaking.

3. I’m happy not to have failed you.

4. I felt that to send the letter to Porcharlester would only pain him uselessly.

II. Прочитайте и перепишитеследующие предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия I и II, определите их форму и функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Образец выполнения 2:

Discharging the ship we found a few Разгружая судно, мы обнаружили

broken cases. несколько поломанных ящиков. Discharging-Participle I, Indefinite Active, функция обстоятельства. Broken- Participle II, Indefinite Active, функция определения.

1. The work begun by him is very important.

2. The corrected texts were on the table.

3. The man sitting at the window made an interesting report yesterday.

4. While seeing the film, I remembered my childhood.

III. Прочитайте и перепишитеследующие предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий, определите его форму и функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He devoted the rest of his life to cultivating roses.

2. Lord Goring liked to speak paradoxes and enjoyed being misunderstood.

3. The mother thanked the doctor heartily, for having saved her child’s life.

4. We are tired of listening to your complaints.

IV. Прочитайте и перепишитеследующие предложения. Переведите данные предложения, обращая внимание на слова-заменители thatи one.

1. These shoes are too large; show me smaller ones, please.

2. I don’t like this method, let’s use another one.

3. It is a very interesting book but not more than that of my sister.

4. This armchair is more comfortable than that in the corner of the room.

V. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

HEALTH

We are healthy when all parts of our bodies and of our minds work together properly. We cannot be happy unless we feel well.

The ancient Greeks knew the value of good health. They even named one goddess Hygeia, which means goddess of health. Hygeia was the daughter of Asclepius, the god of medicine. The Greeks prayed to her to give them good health.

The Romans spoke of health in a proverb: "A healthy mind in a healthy body." In addition to physical health, an understanding of mental health is also important. The body does a great deal to take care of itself, but by learning a few important health rules, it is possible to help the body to work at its best.

Many people will say: "Good health means not being ill." That is true. But health is more than that. Good health is something positive. We have good health when our bodies and our minds are able to work at their best.

The human body is much more complicated than any machine. Yet it needs less day-to-day care than machine. No machine can do all the things the body can do. No machine will work for 70 years.

ВАРИАНТ 2.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте1)

1. The teacher allowed us to use reference material while writing the report.

2. We were sorry to find out that most of the museums we wanted to see that day were closed.

3. One of the students had to miss quite a number of lessons.

4. To go on with this discussion is to waste time.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте1)

1. Being late for the talks, they left before the party was over.

2. Not knowing the grammar rules, he made many mistakes.

3. I read several books translated into Russian by this author.

4. Some stamps collected by him are very curious.

1. She enjoyed being admired.

2. I remember meeting him in Paris.

3. The child was afraid of being punished.

4. Everything depends on the contract being cancelled in time.

1. This computer is more powerful than the one we need.

2. Many people who do not get a new job after quitting the old one often leave the labour force to return to studying.

3. This dress is more beautiful than that of my friend.

4. This test is simpler than that we had last week.

V. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст.

The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situated in the District of Columbia on the banks of the Potomac river and is named after the 1^st US President -George Washington. There are many large cities in the country: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Cleveland and some others.

The United States of America is a federal state, headed by the President. According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive and judicial.

The legislative powerbelongs to the Congress consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states while the House of Representatives - the population. The executive power belongs to the President and his Administration (Vice-President and Cabinet of Ministers). The judicial power belongsto the Supreme Court and the system of Federal, state and district courts.

There are several political parties in the USA, the largest of them are the Republican (symbolized by a donkey)and the Democratic (symbolized by an elephant).

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. The transport network spreads into all sections of the country, but the web of railways and highways is much denser in the eastern half of the United States.

In the early 1990s the United States had about 6.24 million km of streets, roads, and highways. The National Interstate Highway System, 68,449 km in length in the early 1990s, connected the nation's principal cities and carried about one-fifth of all the road and street traffic.

More than 188 million motor vehicles were registered in the early 1990s. More than three-quarters were cars - one for every two persons in the country. About one-fifth of the vehicles were Lorries. Amtrak (the National Railroad Passenger Corporation), afederally subsidized concern, operates almost all the inter-city passenger trains in the United States; it carried more than 22 million passengers annually in the early 1990s.

ВАРИАНТ 3.

(См. образец выполнения 1 в варианте 1)

1. They expected the meeting to be held in a conference hall.

2. One of the students was suddenly taken ill and had to be operated on immediately.

3. I’m sorry to have taken so much of your time.

4. It all sounds too good to be true.

(См. образец выполнения 2 в варианте 1)

1. Being proud of his father he often speaks about him.

2. When speaking at the meeting I forgot to mention this fact.

3. Some questions touched upon in the report are worth careful consideration.

4. Houses built several years ago are not so comfortable as modern ones.

1. The witness said that he didn’t remember ever seeing that man before.

2. Can I rely on your setting the matter in the right way?

3. He blamed the young mother for letting the child swim in cold water.

4. The father praised the child for being so brave.

IV. Прочитайте и перепишитеследующие предложения. Переведите данные пред