Exercise 1.Complete the sentences with the suggested words: are, the other, not, in, to

Міністерство освіти і науки України

ОДЕСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ

Методичні вказівки

до практичних занять з англійської мови

для студентів II курсу Енергетичного Інституту за напрямом 6.050701 - «Електротехніка та електротехнології»
(6.050904 - «Нетрадиційні джерела електроенергії»)

Одеса: ОНПУ, 2009

Міністерство освіти і науки України

ОДЕСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ

Методичні вказівки

до практичних занять з англійської мови

Затверджено

на засіданні кафедри

іноземних мов

Протокол № 5 від 02.12.08

Одеса: ОНПУ, 2009

Методичні вказівки до практичних занять з англійської мови для студентів Енергетичного Інституту за напрямом 6.050701 - «Електротехніка та електротехнології» (6.050904 - «Нетрадиційні джерела електроенергії») / Укл.: Т.І.Кудінова, Т.В. Сиротенко. – Одеса: ОНПУ, 2009. – 39 с.

Укладачі: Т.І.Кудінова,ст.викладач,

Т.В. Сиротенко, ст.викладач,

ЗМІСТ

Передмова. 4

LESSON 1. 5

LESSON 2. 9

LESSON 3. 13

LESSON 4. 17

LESSON 5. 21

LESSON 6. 25

LESSON 7. 28

LESSON 8. 31

LESSON 9. 34

LESSON 10. 37

Передмова

Метою “Методичних вказiвок” є формування впродовж 72 годин аудиторних занять у студентів (вхідний рівень володіння мовою – В1) вмiнь та навичок читання, письма та говоріння за тематикою напряму «Нетрадиційнй джерела електроенергії»на ІІ курсі навчання Енергетичного Інституту (вихідний рівень володіння мовою – В2). За рахунок тренування і виконання читання текстів і комунікативних завдань студенти зможуть досягти практичного володіння англійською мовою за фахом.

Практичне володіння іноземною мовою в рамках даного курсу припускає наявність таких умінь в різних видах мовної комунікації, які дають можливість:

– вільно читати оригінальну літературу іноземною мовою у відповідній галузі знань;

– оформляти витягнуту з іноземних джерел інформацію у вигляді перекладу або резюме;

– робити повідомлення і доповіді іноземною мовою на теми, пов'язані з науковою роботою майбутнього фахівця;

– вести бесіду за фахом.

Кожний урок складається з тексту й комплекса мовних вправ, які розраховані на удосконалення навичок активізації словарного і граматичного мінімуму професійного спрямування.

“Методичні вказiвки” забезпечують підготовку до міжнародного усного і письмового спілкування англійською мовою для спеціальних цілей, а саме - оволодіння лексичними, граматичними і стилістичними навичками, а також умінням розмовляти, читати, переписуватися, перекладати, конспектувати, згортати і розгортати усну і письмову англомовну інформацію наукового функціонального стилю, що передбачено вимогами Програми вивчення іноземних мов у нефілологічному ВУЗі.

Автори.

LESSON 1

THE READING MODULE

Read the text: ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES

In our modern industrial society we consume vast amounts of energy to make our daily life more comfortable and productive. We use energy every day - for heat and light in living and working areas, cooking, transportation, manufacturing, and entertainment. The choices we make about how we use energy impact our environment and our lives.

Energy comes from several different sources. These sources can be split into two main categories: non-renewable and renewable. Non-renewable types of energy include the three major types of fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural gas. Fossil fuels supply more than 90% of the world's energy. Oil leads with a share of about 40 % of total world energy consumption, followed by coal (24%) and natural gas (22%).

Fossil fuels are relatively easy to use to generate energy because they only require a simple direct combustion. However, a problem with fossil fuels is their environmental impact. Not only does their excavation from the ground significantly alter the environment, but their combustion leads to air pollution. Carbon dioxide ( CO₂ ) from burning fossil fuels is the largest source of greenhouse gases from human activities. Extra greenhouse gases are causing global warming and climate change. Besides, these are fuels that are being consumed more rapidly than they are being replaced. That means that someday we could run out of these fuels.

Another non-renewable source is uranium. Uranium is an element that gives us nuclear energy by splitting an atom's nucleus, and this process is called fission. Nuclear energy is a better source of energy because it doesn't put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. But like all industrial processes, nuclear power generation has by-product wastes: radioactive products and heat. Hazardous wastes and the possibility of a nuclear disaster are the principal concerns for nuclear power.

With the growing concerns over the environmental problems today (air pollution, global climate change, etc.) and the price of non-renewable energy sources soaring, we have to take a closer look at the alternative energy sources. Alternatives to the fossil fuels and nuclear power are renewable sources of energy and they are considerably more attractive in many ways. Renewable sources are derived and replenish quickly from nature and usually do not pollute our environment when used to generate electricity. The five renewable sources used most often include hydropower, solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal.

Alternative Energy and Renewable Energy Sources

Energy Suppliers offer consumers a part in the greening of society by deriving their energies from renewable or alternative sources and in some cases they will support environmentally friendly projects. The terms renewable and alternative do not necessarily mean the same thing but the distinction is blurred. There are two main objectives in this context, the most obvious of which is to reduce the net emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon. The other is that the resources should remain constant and not run out in any foreseeable future.
'Renewable' energy implies that it is derived from a source which is automatically replenished or one that is effectively infinite so that it is not depleted as it is used. The term 'Alternative' refers to energy sources which could replace coal, traditional gas and oil or their close derivatives, all of which increase the atmospheric carbon when burned as fuel.

It is evident why the terms alternative and renewable are often considered to be interchangeable but the concepts are sometimes ambiguous. However, the term 'renewable' is preferable and any sources that are renewable are also alternative.

After text activity

I. Reading exercises:

Exercise 1.Read and memorize using a dictionary:

alternative energy sources, renewable energy, non-renewable energy, fossil fuel(s), energy consumption, combustion, environment, environmental impact, air pollution, greenhouse gases, global warming, nuclear power generation, waste, by-product, nuclear power, net emission, carbon, to replenish, to deplete.

Exercise 2.Answer the questions:

1) Why do we consume energy?

2) What are the major types of fossil fuels?

3) In what way is nuclear energy obtained?

4) Why do we have to take a closer look at alternative energy sources?

Exercise 3.Match the left part with the right:

1. Fossil fuels include	a) automatically replenished or effectively infinite
2. Sources of energy include	b) coal, oil and natural gas
3. Alternative energy sources are	c) non-renewable and renewable ones
4. Renewable energy sources are	d) those that can replace traditional coal, oil and gas

THE SPEAKING MODULE

II. Speaking exercises:

Exercise 1.Describe fossil fuel, renewable energy, air pollution, greenhouse gases, global warming, photovoltaicusing the suggested words and expressionsas in example:

fossil fuel hydrocarbon; natural gas; may be used; Any; examples; deposit; that; for fuel; petroleum; are; coal; and example: Any hydrocarbon deposit that may be used for fuel; examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

renewable energy from; a; such as; the; wind; source; sun; natural; A form; tides; waves; or; derived; of; energy;

air pollution in; the; atmosphere; or; animal; presence; outdoor; of; to; contaminants; injurious; The; human, plant, life

greenhouse gases can absorb; planet’s surface; the infrared radiation; Some; that; emitted by; the; gases

global warming believed to be caused by; An increase; the; temperature; worldwide; average; greenhouse effect; in; the

photovoltaic visible; by; Energy; to; exposure; radiation; or; of; electromagnetic; or; caused; voltage; in; current; the form

Exercise 2.Ask questions to the given answers:

1) Question: _____________________________________________ ?

Answer: A problem with fossil fuels is their environmental impact.

2) Question: ______________________________________________?

Answer: Hazardous wastes and the possibility of a nuclear disaster are the principal concerns for nuclear power.

3) Question: ________________________________________________?

Answer: The term 'Alternative' refers to energy sources which could replace coal, traditional gas and oil.

THE WRITING MODULE

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1.Complete the sentences with the suggested words: are, the other, not, in, to

The terms renewable and alternative do ______necessarily mean the same thing but the distinction is blurred. There ____two main objectives in this context, the most obvious of which is ______reduce the net emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon. ______is that the resources should remain constant and not run out _____any foreseeable future.

Exercise 2. Fill in the table with words and expressions from the text:

	fuels	categories	energy sources
Example: . Alternatives to the fossil fuels are			renewable sources of energy.
Energy sources include
Coal, oil and natural gas are
Renewable sources are

Exercise 3. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“The Ways of Using Energy”

“Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Sources”

“World Renewable Energy 2005” (according to the after-text diagram)

LESSON 2

THE READING MODULE

Read the text: SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy makes an enormous but largely unrecorded contribution to our energy needs. It is the sun's radiant energy that maintains the Earth's surface at a temperature warm enough to support human life. But despite this enormous input of energy to our civilisation, the sun is virtually ignored in national and international energy statistics, which are almost entirely concerned with consumption of commercial fuels.

Figure: Radiation of energy to and from the earth

The sun has a surface temperature of 6000°C, maintained by continuous nuclear fusion reactions between hydrogen atoms within its interior. These nuclear reactions will gradually convert all of the hydrogen into heavier elements, but this is a relatively slow process and the sun should continue to supply power for another 5 billion years.

The sun radiates huge quantities of energy into the surrounding space, and the tiny fraction intercepted by the Earth's atmosphere, 150 million km away, is nonetheless equivalent to about 15,000 times humanity's present rate of use of fossil and nuclear fuels. Even though approximately one-third of the intercepted energy is reflected away by the atmosphere before reaching the earth's surface, this still means that a continuous and virtually inexhaustible flow of power amounting to 10,000 times our current rate of consumption of conventional fuels is available in principle to human civilization.

Solar energy, when it enters our buildings, warms and illuminates them to a significant extent. When buildings are specifically designed to take full advantage of the sun's radiation, their needs for additional heating and for artificial lighting can be further reduced.

Solar power can also be harnessed by using solar collectors to produce hot water for washing or space heating in buildings.

Such collectors are in widespread use in sunny countries such as Israel and Greece, but are also quite widely used in less sunny places such as Austria. Even in cloudy Britain there are more than 40,000 roof-top solar water heating systems.

Harnessing solar energy to provide electricity directly involves the use of a different and more sophisticated technology called solar photovoltaics (PV). Photovoltaic ‘modules’ are made of specially-prepared layers of semi-conducting materials (usually silicon) that generate electricity when photons of sunlight fall upon them. Arrays of PV modules are normally mounted on the roofs or facades of buildings, providing some or all of their electricity needs.

Photovoltaic technology is growing very rapidly and several countries have initiated major development and demonstration programmes. Germany, for example, plans to install 100,000 PV roofs and building facades by the end of 2003.

Photovoltaics may well make a significant contribution to world needs in coming decades, but at present its share of world consumption is extremely small. This is mainly due to the very high cost of PV modules, which are currently produced in relatively small quantities. Studies have shown that if the annual output of the manufacturing plants that produce PV modules were increased by a factor of about 20, the cost of PV-generated electricity could be reduced to a point at which it would be competitive with electricity from conventional sources in many industrialised countries.

After text activity

I. Reading exercises:

Exercise 1.Read and memorize using a dictionary:

solar energy, radiant energy, commercial fuel, nuclear fusion reaction, relative power density, ultraviolet radiation, wavelength, short-wave infrared radiation, long-wave infrared radiation, conventional fuel, heating, artificial lighting, solar collector, solar photovoltaic technology, semi-conducting material

Exercise 2.Answer the questions:

1) Is the sun’s radiation temperature warm enough to support human life?

2) In what way is the sun’s surface temperature maintained?

3) How can solar power be harnessed?

4) What are photovoltaic modules made of?

Exercise 3.Match the left part with the right:

1. Solar energy makes	a) by continuous nuclear fusion reactions
2. Photovoltaic modules are made of	b) the sun’s radiant energy
3. The sun’s surface temperature is maintained	c)specially-prepared layers of semi-conducting materials
4. The Earth’s surface temperature is maintained	d) an enormous contribution to our energy needs

THE SPEAKING MODULE

II. Speaking exercises:

Exercise 1.Describe solar power, photovoltaic module, conventional fuels, nuclear fusion reaction, solar collectorusing the suggested words and expressions:

solar power conversion, energy, sun's radiation, useful, work

photovoltaic module unit/device, capable, generating, voltage, result, exposure, visible, other, radiation

conventional fuels materials, burn, to release, heat energy, for example, coal, oil, uranium

nuclear fusion reaction combination, two, light, nuclei, form, heavier, nucleus, release, some, binding, energy

solar collector installation, designed, gather, accumulate, energy, form, solar, radiation

Exercise 2.Ask questions to the given answers:

1)Question: _____________________________________________________ ?

Answer: Such collectors are in widespread use in sunny countries such as Israel and Greece.

2) Question:_____________________________________________________?

Answer: Arrays of PV modules are normally mounted on the roofs or facades of buildings.

3) Question: _____________________________________________________?

Answer: This is mainly due to the very high cost of PV modules.

THE WRITING MODULE

III. Writing exercises: