The hierarchical structure of the sentence. The Immediate constituents analysis
The simple sentence and its types
The classification of the sentence, by tradition, is based on the structural criterion and denotes of 3 types: simple, compound and complex sentence. But this classification is not consistent, because the simple sentence is singled out on the basic of its structural composition, while the compound and complex sentences – of the types of SR established between the clauses.
This classification has compiled by B.A.Ilyish the sentence divided into simple and composite, and composite divided into compound and complex.
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE – is a sentence, which has one relation of primary predication, or one predicative line (established between the Subject + Predicate).
According to the type, simple sentence can be two types:
1) One-member – contains either the subject or the predicate. This class divided into two possible kinds with explicitly expressed component:
- The nominative (nominal): Summer.
- The verbal (imperative) sentence: Go away. Singing.
2) Two-member – is sentence, which formed by both the subject and predicate. This sentens is divided into parts called “the parts of the sentence”.
Parts of the sentence. Criteria of establishing parts of the sentence.
Traditional classification has two types of parts of the sentence:
1) the main parts – they are the S and P;
2) the secondary parts – they are all another parts of sentence, except the S and P.
But it appropriate for synthetic languages whose words have inflection.
L. S. Barkhudarov and G. G. Pocheptsov have developed classification for synthetic and analytical languages. According at first, there are only S and P – they immediate constituents of sentence, other words make up the group of it. The classification by Pocheptsov are more complete and we have 4 types of part of the sentence:
- the basic parts – S and P
- the main parts – are obligatory complements of the verb
- the secondary parts – either optional complements of the verb or nominal elements
- the detached parts – parenthetic elements of the sentence.
For example: I think, Kate wrote letter yesterday (d-b-m-s)
Typology of parts of the sentence
The typology of the parts of the sentence given below is based on 4 criteria of classification:
1) Structural – classifies the parts of the sentence into 4 types:
- simple
- expanded
- extended
- mixed
2) Functional significance criterion – classifies the parts of the sentence into 4 types:
- Basic
- Main
- the secondary parts
- the detached parts
3) Functional criterion – classifies the part of the sentence into 5 types:
- the subject
- the predicate
- the object
- the attribute
- the adv.modifier
4) Distributional criterion
- initial
- finals
- insertions
- pre-positives
- post-positives
-
The hierarchical structure of the sentence. The Immediate constituents analysis.
The simple sentence is organized as s system of function-expressing position. It may be notional – for basic, main, secondary and detached parts of sentence, and semi-notional – for interjection.
For a functional hierarchy, each part of the sentence performs some modifying role:
- S is a person-modifier of the P
- P is a process-modifier of the S
- O is a substance- modifier of the P
- Adv.M. is a quality- modifier of the P or of the whole sentence
- Attribute is a quality- modifier of the substantive part(s).
This hierarchy can be presented schematically by horizontal placing of equipollent part and by vertical placing of subordinate part: lady greeted
The old me heartily
A special linguistic analysis called “the immediate constituents analysis” was worked out.
The immediate constituents analysis (аналіз безпосередньо складників речення)
The immediate constituents analysis (IC-analysis) is based on group parsing of the sentence – the division of the whole sentence into gram.relevant groups.
We have two main groups – the group of the S and of the P – they are so-called “maximal constituents”.Each of them separately we have sub-group constituents according to the successive order of subordination – separate words (so-called “unltimate constituents”).
There are 2 basic ways of schematic representation of the IC-analysis:
1) the analytical IC-diagram – has vertical and horizontal lines between which the symbols of the grouped sentence components are put
The old lady greeted me heartily.
2) the IC-dirivation tree – has branches and nodes. The tree shows the grouping of the sentence constituents by means of branching nodes – symbolize phrases as unities? The branches mark the division of phrases into constituents.
6. Simple and complex parts of the sentence: characteristics and grouping.
The part of the sentence is bilateral – it obligatory has 2 planes:
- of content (meaning) – it is syntactic function – the relation of this part of the sentence to other constituents of the same sentence.
- the plane of expression (form) – its part of speech characteristics, its liner-order features.
Parts of the sentence are divided according to their role in sentence formation:
- S - P - O - Adv.M. – the Attribite.
S and P are always interrelated, as they establish SR of predication; and they are always independent in relation to all other parts. It is included into the minimum structural sentence type:
Ex.: He smiled.
O and Adv.M. (called “complements”) are always dependent, referring to the P.
At. is always dependent, referring to the nominal components of sentence and it can be found both in pre-position and in post-position to its element: blue eyes / eyes full of tears.
7. The structural paradigm of the simple sentence: external and internal approach.
The S. ia a person modifier of the predicate.
Structurally, S. may be:
- simle (Make is playing football)
- expanded (Make and Nick are playing football)
- extended (Little Nick is playing football)
- complicated (What Make doesn’t like is playing football)
The P. is a process modifier of the S.
Types of P.:
- the verbal (He smiled)
- the nominal – called “the compound nominal predicate” (He is a student)
- the phrasal (He took a glance)
The Ob. Is substance modifier of the P.
Ob. Always depends on the valency of the verb used in the function of the P., its distribution is limited.The Ob. Of the sentence can easily become the S. in passive transformation.
The Ob. classified into direct, indirect and prepositional.
For classification by G.G.Pocheptsov there are 3 types:
- the object complement – denotes a person or thing the action is passed on to: He saw me/He looked at me;
- The addressee Ob. – denotes a person or thing the action is directed to: I was given a book / He offered a book to me.
- The subject’s Ob. – refers to the verb in a passive-voice form: I was given book/ He offered a good job.
Adv.M. is a quality modifier either of the P. or of the whole sentence.
It has a free distribution. When an adverb/adverbial of place, time, purpose, and cause modifies the whole sentence, it is called “the syntactic determiner”and starts the sent.: Downstairs the clock struck one.
Adverb/adverbials of manner placed in the initial position: Silently, she closed the door.
The At. is a quality modifier of the substantive part (a nominal) of the sentence.
At. is always dependent, referring to the nominal components of sentence and it can be found both in pre-position and in post-position to its element: blue eyes / eyes full of tears
Structurally, each part of the sentence can be 2 types:
1) simple, when it is expressed by single word
2) complex (expanded - extended – contaminated – complicated) when it is the resalt of application of the definite syntactic process.
Each part can be expr. by a single word, word-group (phraseme) )and a clause.