The Arctic Archipelago (The Canadian Arctic Archipelago)-канадский арктический архипелаг
In a Canadian context Confederation generally describes the political process that united the colonies in the 1860s and related events, and the subsequent incorporation of other colonies and territories. The term Confederation is now often used to describe Canada in an abstract way, "the Fathers of Confederation" itself being one such usage. Provinces and territories that became part of Canada after 1867 are also said to have joined, or entered into, Confederation (but not the Confederation). Confederation is, loosely translated, a confederation of colonies.
the Prime Minister(The leader of the political party that wins the election becomes the Prime Minister of Canada (currently Stephen Harper of the Conservatives). The Prime Minister effectively runs the country with the support and advice of his Cabinet.)
the British North America Act (1867) закон о британской Северной Америке (The act, also known as the BNA Act, comprises a major part of the Constitution of Canada. The Act entails the original creation of a federal dominion and sets the framework for much of the operation of the Government of Canada, including its Federal structure, the House of Commons, the Senate, the justice system, and the taxation system.)
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) канадская конная королевская конная полиция ( is the national police force of Canada, and one of the most recognized of its kind in the world. It is unique in the world as a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. The RCMP provides federal policing service to all of Canada and policing services under contract to the three territories, eight provinces (the RCMP does not serve as provincial or municipal police in Ontario and Quebec), more than 190 municipalities, 184 Aboriginal communities and three international airports.)
the Charlottetown Accord (1991) Шарлоттаунское соглашение (was a package of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada, proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992. It was submitted to a public referendum on October 26 of that year, and was defeated.)
the Progressive Conservative Party (1854) прогрессивная консервативная партия (one of the leading political parties in Canada; was a Canadian political party with a centre-right stance on economic issues and, after the 1970s, a centrist stance on social issues.)
French-Canadians-франко-канадцы, канадцы французского происхождения. About 25% of Canadians are of French origin. The majority of French-Canadians live in Quebec.
‘First Nations’-коренные народы. Aboriginal peoples are Native Canadians = "First Nations":The Indians,Inuit (Eskimo),Métis They make 4% of Canada's total population The majority of native Canadians live in the three territories and Ontario Besides every province has their aboriginal community.
‘Open Door policy’-политика «открытых дверей». Canada's population is varied due to its "Open Door" policy of immigration which began in 1890's. It provided very few restrictions on who could immigrate to Canada, with the only exception being criminals, people with disabilities, the ill, and the poor.
Indigenous language-туземный, местный язык. As far as the original indigenous languages are concerned, some groups of Native Indians and Inuit speak them. But in other Native Indian Communities only the older people know their mother tongue. But some words of Indian or Inuit languages are commonly used
Anglophone Canadians-канадцы, чьим родным языком является английский. English and French are both official languages, but 20% speaks only French, while 13% speaks both French and English.
The Official Languages Act-закон о государственных языках. The Official Languages Act (1982) makes the French language the equal of English in all branches of federal service.
Separatist movement-сепаратистское движение. The English-versus-French struggle is only a part of the separatist movement in Quebec. It is the movement for Quebec's independence. It's a political issue. Some separatist extremists resorted to terrorism.
English-versus-French struggle-борьба англоязычных и франкоязычных канадцев за признание государственным одного из двух языков. It is Tensions between French-speaking Quebec and the other 9 provinces.
Doukhobors-духоборы. a Christian group of Russian origin. The Doukhobors were one of the sects - later defined as a religious philosophy, ethnic group, social movement, or simply a "way of life" - known generically as Spiritual Christianity. Assimilated to a various extent into the Canadian mainstream, the modern descendants of the first Canadian Doukhobors continue to live in south-eastern British Columbia, southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Today, the estimated population of Doukhobors is over 20,000 - 15,000 in Canada
Igloo-иглу (ледяная хижина эскимосов). Some words of Indian or Inuit languages are commonly used, for example: muskeg, igloo,kayak
1. arctic zone(арктический пояс) the regions to the north of the Arctic Circle centered on the North Pole
2. maritime climate (морской) is the climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of some of the world's continents,
3. monsoon climate(муссонный) Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation. Monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18°C in every month of the year and features wet and dry seasons.
4. permafrost (вечная мерзлота) Permanently frozen subsoil, occurring throughout the Polar Regions and locally in perennially frigid areas.
5. the ”Chinook”(ветер чинук) A warm dry wind that descends from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, causing a rapid rise in temperature
6. the Mackenzie(горы Маккензи) are a mountain range forming part of the Yukon-Northwest Territories boundary between the Liard and Peel rivers. The range is named in honour of Canada's second Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie.
7. the Yukon (плато Юкон) 3185 km long (of which 1149 km lie in Canada), fifth-longest river in North America, rises in Tagish Lake on the northern BC border, flows north and northwest across the YUKON TERRITORY into Alaska, where it flows in a great westward arc to Norton Sound on the Bering Sea.
8. the Columbia(река Колумбия) is a 1,200 mile river beginning in the Canadian Rockies and emptying into the Pacific Ocean.
9. the Great Bear Lake (оз.Большое Медвежье) is the biggest lake that lies entirely within Canada. It is the eighth-largest lake in the worl.
10. Lake Manitoba(оз.Манитоба) is Canada's thirteenth largest lake (4,624 km2) and the world's 33rd largest freshwater lake. It is in central North America, in the Canadian province of Manitoba, which the lake is named after. It is located about 75 km northwest of the province's capital, Winnipeg.
The Arctic Archipelago (The Canadian Arctic Archipelago)-канадский арктический архипелаг.
is a Canadian archipelago north of the Canadian mainland in the Arctic. It covers about 1,424,500 km2 (550,000 sq mi). It is composed of thousands(36,563) of islands. The southeastern islands are an extention of the Canadian Shield. It can be divided into 2 regions: the Arctic Lowlands to the south and the Innuitian Mountains to the north.The Innuitians are geologically young mountains similar to the Western Cordillera, with peaks reaching 10,000 feet. Much of the Innuitian region is permanently covered with snow and ice.
The Grand Bank (the grand banks of Newfoundland)-большая ньюфаундлендская банкаare a group of underwater plateaus southeast of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf. These areas are relatively shallow, ranging from 80 to 330 feet (24–100 m) in depth. The cold Labrador Current mixes with the warm waters of the Gulf Stream here.
The Gulf of Alaska-залив Аляскаis an arm of the Pacific Ocean defined by the curve of the southern coast of Alaska, stretching from the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east, where Glacier Bay and the Inside Passage are found.
Hudson Bay- Гудзонов залив(French: baie d'Hudson) is a large body of water in northeastern Canada. It drains a very large area, about 3,861,400 square kilometres (1,490,900 sq mi),[1] that includes parts of Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, most of Manitoba, southeastern Nunavut, as well as parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana. A smaller offshoot of the bay, James Bay, lies to the south.
Mid-western provinces – среднезападные провинции.Mid-western provinces is one of the 3 groups of territorries which is Canada divided into. Mid-western provinces comprises such provinces and territorries as: Manitoba (It is located in the centre of Canada.), Saskatchewan(located in the central prairie region of Canada), Alberta (is one of the three prairie provinces.), British Columbia (is the most western province in Canada and the third largest.) each province has its own "Crown" represented by the lieutenant-governo
Territories: Yukon (Territory) (the smallest of the three territories in Canada), Northwest Territories (second largest of the three territories in Canada),Nunavut (Territory) (the largest territory and makes up one fifth of the Canada's land mass) territories are not sovereign and are simply parts of the federal realm, and have a commissioner.
The Canadian Shield – канадский щит, also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier canadien (French), is a vast geological shield covered by a thin layer of soil that forms the nucleus of the North American or Laurentia craton. It is an area mostly composed of igneous rock which relates to its long volcanic history. It has a deep, common, joined bedrock region in eastern and central Canada and stretches North from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean, covering over half of Canada
The Appalachian Mountain Range – горы Аппалачи is an ancient band of mountains that stretches in a southwestern arc from the Canadian province of Newfoundland to central Alabama, the heart of southeastern United States. The highest peak in the Appalachians is Mount Mitchell (North Carolina) which lies at an elevation of 6,684 feet (2,037meters) above sea level.
ST. LAWRENCE LOWLANDS – низменность святого Лаврентия
is a fertile area of level to rolling land adjoining Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River in southern Ontario and Quebec. Though relatively small, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowland is the most heavily populated and productive part of Canada. The rolling landscape of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence lowlands is composed primarily of glacial landforms: glacial lake bottoms and shorelines, till plains, moraines, drumlins, eskers, and giant spillways carved by glacial streams. In southwestern Ontario the Niagara Escarpment is the only significant exposed bedrock structure.
The Great Plains – Великие равнины,(прерии) are the broad expanse of prairie, steppe and grassland which lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada.This area covers parts of the U.S. states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In Canada the term prairie is more common, and the region is known as the Prairie Provinces or simply "the Prairies."
Mount Logan гора Логан
is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest peak in North America, after Mount McKinley (Denali). Mount Logan is located within Kluane National Park and Reserve in southwestern Yukon and is the source of the Hubbard and Logan Glaciers. Logan is believed to have the largest base circumference of any non-volcanic mountain on Earth (a large number of shield volcanoes are much larger in size and mass), with the massif containing eleven peaks over 5,000 metres (16,400 ft)