Different Aspects of Stylistic Problems
Stylistic problems of translation may be approached from several angles: styles of language, their peculiarities, their goals and their interrelation; stylistic meaning of words; stylistic devices, their nature and structure, their expressive function; foregrounding of linguistic means for stylistic purposes and its attention-compelling function.
The translation of texts belonging to different functional styles of the language presents a vast comprehensive problem.
A style of language is dependent upon the sphere of communication and the aim of communication which determine the peculiar choice of language means. These means are interrelated and form a system is characteristic of each style. Texts belonging to different styles of language possess distinctive stylistic features and thus are easily recognizable although they may to some extent vary from language to language. These features can be classified as leading or subordinate, obligatory or optional. The leading or dominant features form a common core in the S and T languages. They are reflected in the composition of each text, in its syntactic structure, in the choice of linguistic means and stylistic devices. The same means naturally occur in different styles but their use and functions are different.
Official Style
Official style is a sub-system of the language, a form of communication functioning in the sphere of official relations. The aim of communication in this stile is to reach agreement between two or more contracting parties. The term of such agreements must be formulated clearly and unambiguously in order to exclude any possibility of misinterpretation. Consequently this style is characterized by the use of words in their direct referential meaning and by the absence of words of emotive meaning. Another outstanding feature of this style is the abundance of special terms, clichés and set expressions of a special nature which make this style distinct from other styles and easily recognizable. Some of them have their counterparts in the target language are to be used by the translator, e.g.
The Security Council shall, where appropriate, utilize such regional arrangements or agencies for enforcement action under its authority. (Charter of the United Nations, article 53).
Совет Безопасности использует, где это уместно, такие региональные соглашения или органы для принудительных действий под его руководством.
The corresponding Russian text is very close to the English text. Yet in three cases there is no formal correspondence due to morphological and syntactical factors:
· The special form “shall + infinitive” (shall utilize), typical of official style, corresponds to the Present indicative (использует) – its Russian counterpart in official style.
· The parenthetical phrase “where appropriate” precedes the notional verb (utilize) while in Russian it comes after the verb использует.
· The attributive combination N1 + N2 (enforcement action) has its counterpart “an adjective + noun group” – принудительных действий.
In accordance with the aim of communication the translation of official documents requires utmost precision. Equivalence in the rendering of form is to a considerable extent ensured by the existence of correlated SL and TL patterns, but it cannot be achieved at the expense of the Russian language. For example, synonymous pairs which have an age-long tradition in literary English are also frequently used in official style: the treaty was declared null and void; just and equitable treatment; in good and due form, etc. such use of synonymous pairs in official documents is not so widespread in Russian official stile as they are regarded as pleonastic and therefore they are commonly translated by one word: договор был объявлен недействительным, справедливое отношение, в надлежащей форме.
Scientific Prose Stile
What has been said in connection with the translation of official documents can be applied to the translation of scientific prose – physical and natural sciences. In the humanities and in popular science prose a certain emotive and subjective element is apparent.
The terrestrial globe is a member of the system, the third in distance from the sun. The earth revolves about the sun, the mean distance of the earth from the sun being a most important astronomic constant.
Земной шар входит в солнечную систему и является третьей планетой по удаленности от Солнца. Земля вращается вокруг Солнца, причем среднее расстояние Земли от Солнца является весьма важной астрономической константой (постоянной величиной).
The translation practically does not depart from the SL text. The content is scrupulously rendered, equivalence is absolute. Yet owing to differences between the two languages the following changes have been made:
The construction with the nominal predicate – link verb + predicative (is a member of) is translated by a verbal predicate which is an accepted cliché – входит в; the elliptical construction (the third in distance) is translated by a coordinate clause – и является третьей планетой по удаленности от Солнца; the absolute construction (the mean distance of the earth from the sun being a most important astronomic constant) is also rendered by a coordinate clause – причем среднее расстояние Земли от Солнца является весьма важной астрономической константой. The additions the Russian translation are justified because they are necessitated by structural differences.